Perspektif Normatif pada Jurnalisme Digital
Mufti Nurlatifah(1*), Billy Sarwono(2), dr. Irwansyah(3)
(1) Program Studi Doktor Ilmu Komunikasi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia
(2) Departemen Ilmu Komunikasi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia
(3) Departemen Ilmu Komunikasi, Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Law perspective on communication studies provide normative point of view to analize phenomenon of communication. This point of view doesnt discuss rules of the game as the domain, but sees “what shoule be” as main focus. Normative theory provides causality to explain communication phenomena holistically. For journalism digital, normative theory have two main question to discuss. First, the position of digital journalism as current condition in communication studies. Second, the influence of digital journalism in democratic society. This conceptual study aims to answer both question and looking new horizon of normative theory among perspectives in the communication studies.
Keywords
Full Text:
JMKI Vol 1 No 2: Mufti N.References
Bergan, D. E. (2012). Partisan Stereotypes and Policy Attitudes. Journal of Communication, 62(6), 1102–1120. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01676.x.
Barnett, S.R. (1980). Newspaper Monopoly and The Law. Journal of Communication, Volume 30, Issue 2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01968.x.
Bassiouni, M. Cherif. (1982). Media Coverage of Terrorism: The Law and The Public. Journal of Communication, Volume 32, Issue 2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb00501.x.
Braman, S. (1995). Horizons of the State: Information Policy and Power. Journal of Communication, 45(4), 4–24. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00752.x.
Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., & Castro, L. (2014). Hallin and Mancini Revisited: Four Empirical Types of Western Media Systems. Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065. doi:10.1111/jcom.12127.
Calvert, Clay. (1997). Hate Speech and Its Harms: A Communication Theory Perspective. Journal of Communication, Volume 47, Issue 1, 1 March 1997, Pages 4–19. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1997.tb02690.x.
Chisman, Forrest P. (1982). Beyond Deregulation: Communication Policy and Economic Growth. Journal of Communication, Volume 32, Issue 4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb02520.x.
Christians, Clifford G., et.al. (2009). Normative Theories of Media: Journalism in Democratic Societies. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Cohen, Jeremy., Gleason, Timothy. (1990). Social Research in Communication and Law. Newbury Park, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Curran, J. Seaton, J.(2009). Power without Responsibility. London: Routledge
De Sola Pool, I. (1974). The Rise of Communications Policy Research. Journal of Communication, 24(2), 31–42. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1974.tb00366.x
Del Mar, Maksymilian., Bankowski, Zenon. (2013). Law as Institutional Normative Order. Glasglow: Ashgate Publishing Ltd.
Du Boff, R. B. (1984). The Rise of Communications Regulation: The Telegraph Industry, 1844–1880. Journal of Communication, 34(3), 52–66. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02173.x.
Frank, Phillip. (1998). The Law of Causality and Its LImits. Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-5516-8.
Freedman, Des. (2008). The Politics of Media Policy. Cambridge, Malden: Polity.
Glos, George, E. (1969). The Normative Theory of Law. 11 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 151. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol11/iss1/6.
Goban-Klas. (1990). Making Media Policy in Ponland. Journal of Communication, Volume 40, Issue 1. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02250.x
Grill, Kalle. (2013). Normative and Non-normative Concepts: Paternalism and Libertarian Paternalism. dalam Strech, Daniel., et.al. Ethics in Public Health and Health Policy. New York, London: Springer.
Harris, Phil. (2007). An Introduction to Law 7th Edition. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hallin, D.C., Mancini P. (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Imrich, D. J., Mullin, C., & Linz, D. (1995). Measuring the Extent of Prejudicial Pretrial Publicity in Major American Newspapers: A Content Analysis. Journal of Communication, 45(3), 94–117. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1995.tb00745.x.
Jackson, M. (2002). From Private to Public: Reexamining the Technological Basis for Copyright. Journal of Communication, 52(2), 416–433. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2002.tb02553.x.
Kreiss, Daniel., Brennen, J.S. (2015). Normative Theories of Digital Journalism. Paper Presented at 2015 International Communication Association Annual Conference. dalam Anderson, C.W., et.al. Handbook of Digital Journalism. New York: Sage Publications.
Lasswell, Harold. (2003). The Policy Orientation. dalam S. Braman (ed). Communication Research and Policy Making. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Lenert, Edward M. (1998). A Communication Theory Perspective on Telecommunication Policy. Journal of Communication, Volume 48, Issue 4, 1 December 1998, Pages 3–23. Doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x.
Lewis, S.C., Westlund, Oscar. (2016). Mapping the Human-Machine Divide in Journalism. dalam Tamara Witschge, et.al. (ed). The Sage Handbook of DIgital Journalism. Los Angeles, London, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
Mattelart, Armand. (1983). Technology, Culture, and Communication: Research and Policy Priorities in France. Journal of Communication, Volume 33, Issue 3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1983.tb02407.x.
McQuail, Denis. (1992). Media Performance: Mass Communication and the Public Interest. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
McQuail, Denis., Siune, Karen. (2002). Media Policy: Convergence, Concentration, and Commerce. London, Thousand Oaks, Delhi: Sage Publications.
McChesney, Robert W. (1996). The Internet and U.S. Communication Policy-Making in Historical and Critical Perspective. Journal of Computer Mediated Communication, Volume 1, Issue 4, 1 March 1996. doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.1996.tb00177.x.
Mill, John Stuart. (2005). On Liberty: Perihal Kebebasan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia.
Morgan, Bronwen., Yeung, Karen. (2007). An Introduction to Law and Regulation: Text and Materials. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mosco, V. (1988). International Telecommunications: What Price Policy?: Toward a Theory of the State and Telecommunications Policy. Journal of Communication, 38(1), 107–124. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1988.tb02040.x.
Mukherjee, R. (2000). Regulating Race in the California Civil Rights Initiative: Enemies, Allies, and Alibis. Journal of Communication, 50(2), 27–47. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02840.x
Napoli, Philip M. (1999). The Marketplace of Ideas Metaphor in Communications Regulation. Journal of Communication, Volume 49, Issue 4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02822.x.
Nerone J., et al. (ed.). (1995). Last Rights: Revisiting Four Theories of the Press. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Nerone J (2009a) The journalism tradition. In: Eadie WF (ed.) 21st Century Communication: A Reference Handbook. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Nerone, J. (2012). The historical roots of the normative model of journalism. Journalism: Theory, Practice & Criticism, 14(4), 446–458. doi:10.1177/1464884912464177
Noam, Eli. (1993). Reconnecting Communications Studies With Communications Policy. Journal of Communication, Volume 43, Issue 3. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01293.x.
Nordenstrange, Kaarle. (1997). Beyond The Four Theories of The Press. dalam Jan Servaes dan Rico Lie (ed). Media and Politics in Transition: Cultural Identity in the Age of Globalization. Acco, Leuven: Amersfoort.
O’Rourke, K.C. (2003). John Stuart Mill and Freedom of Expression. London, New York: Routledge.
Potter, W. J., & Warren, R. (1996). Considering Policies to Protect Children from TV Violence. Journal of Communication, 46(4), 116–138. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1996.tb01509.x.
Reinard, J. C., Ortiz, S. M. (2005). Communication Law and Policy: The State of Research and Theory. Journal of Communication, 55(3), 594–631. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02687.x
Reynolds, Amy., Barnett, Broke. (2008). Communication and Law: Multidisciplinary Approaches to Research. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rolland, A. (2008). Norwegian Media Policy Objectives and the Theory of a Paradigm Shift. Journal of Communication, 58(1), 126–148. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00377.x
Rowland, W. D. (1982). The Process of Reification: Recent Trends in Communications Legislation and Policy-Making. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 114–136. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb02524.x
Schwartz, L. B. (1984). The Art of Telecommunications Regulation. Journal of Communication, 34(4), 180–187. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1984.tb02222.x.
Siebert, Fred S., et.al. (1956). Four Theoris of The Press. Urbana, Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
Signitzer, B. (1980). Satellite Broadcasting and Communications Policy. Journal of Communication, 30(2), 186–189. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1980.tb01981.x.
Shoemaker, Pamela J. (1991). Deviant Acts, Risky Business, and U.S. Interests: The Newsworthiness of World Events. Journalism Quarterly. Vol.68, No.4, Page 781-795.
Shoemaker, Pamela J., et.al. (2001). Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping. J&MC Quarterly, VoI. 78,No.2, Summer 2001, 233-246
Shoemaker, Pamela J. (2006). News and Newsworthiness: A Commentary. The European Journal of Communication Research. Volume 31, Issue 1, Hlm 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1515/COMMUN.2006.007.
Shooshan, H. M., & Sloan, C. R. (1982). FCC Media Ownership Rules: The Case for Repeal. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 157–163. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1982.tb02527.x.
Splichal, Sigman L., Bunker, Matthew D. (1994). Formalism, First Amandment Expression, and the General Law Doctrine. Journal of Communication, Volume 44, Issue 2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1994.tb00681.x.
Streeter, T. (1990). Beyond Freedom of Speech and the Public Interest: The Relevance of Critical Legal Studies to Communications Policy. Journal of Communication, 40(2), 43–63. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02261.x.
Twining, W., Miers, D. (1999). How to Do Things with Rules. London: Butterworth.
Vidmar, Neil., Flaherty, David H. (1985). Concern for Personal Privacy in an Electronic Age. Journal of Communication, Volume 35, Issue 2. DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1985.tb02236.x.
Youm, K. H. (2001). First Amendment Law: Hate Speech, Equality, and Freedom of Expression. Journal of Communication, 51(2), 406–412. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02887.x.
Weisenhaus, D. (2012). Communication Law and Policy: Asia. The International Encyclopedia of Communication. doi:10.1002/9781405186407.wbiecc080.pub2
Zhao, X., Leiserowitz, A. A., Maibach, E. W., & Roser-Renouf, C. (2011). Attention to Science/Environment News Positively Predicts and Attention to Political News Negatively Predicts Global Warming Risk Perceptions and Policy Support. Journal of Communication, 61(4), 713–731. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01563.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jmki.51487
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2830 | views : 1933Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Jurnal Media dan Komunikasi Indonesia
Jurnal Media dan Komunikasi Indonesia (Online ISSN 2721-396X) is published by the Department of Communication Science (DIKOM), Faculty of Social Science and Political Science (FISIPOL), Gadjah Mada University |