* Corresponding Author
The Importance of Unprotected Areas as Habitat for The Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) on Java, Indonesia
https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.61403 Nanang Irawan(1*), Satyawan Pudyatmoko(2), Pujo Semedi Hargo Yuwono(3), Muhammad Tafrichan(4), Anthony J. Giordano(5), Muhammad Ali Imron(6)
(1) Departmen of Forest Resource Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
(2) Departmen of Forest Resource Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
(3) Departmen of Anthropology, Faculty of Cultural Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada. Jl. Sosio Humaniora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
(4) Departmen of Forest Resource Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
(5) S.P.E.C.I.E.S. The Society for the Preservation of Endangered Carnivores and their International Ecological Study, PO Box 7403, Ventura, CA, USA
(6) Departmen of Forest Resource Conservation, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada Jl Agro No.1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Protected areas play important roles for protecting many endangered species in Indonesia. However, very limited information regarding roles of protected areas and non-protected areas for supporting the habitat of less-concerned carnivores in Java, leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis). We aim to assess the relative roles of non-protected areas for the habitat of this cat on the highly fragmented and populated island of Java. We develop species distribution modelling, using Maxent by integrating various sources of presence data of this species and environmental data. Our finding confirms that leopard cat can life in various habitat types but mainly patchy forest areas. While most of the protected areas are suitable for the habitat of this smallest cat on Java, the non-protected areas provide much larger areas for its habitat (66.8 %). Our findings highlighted the importance of maintaining connectivity among habitat patches in non-protected areas, habitat protection using current government policy on high conservation value forest and essential ecosystems areas.
Pentingnya Kawasan Non Lindung sebagai Habitat Kucing Hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) di Jawa, Indonesia
Intisari
Kawasan lindung memainkan peran penting dalam melindungi banyak spesies yang terancam punah di Indonesia. Walaupun demikian, informasi mengenai peran kawasan lindung dan kawasan non lindung untuk mendukung habitat karnivora yang kurang mendapat perhatian di Jawa, kucing hutan (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis), sangat terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai peran kawasan non lindung sebagai habitat kucing hutan di Pulau Jawa, pulau yang sangat terfragmentasi dan padat penduduk. Kami mengembangkan pemodelan distribusi spesies, menggunakan Maxent dengan mengintegrasikan berbagai sumber data kehadiran spesies kucing hutan dan data lingkungan. Temuan kami menegaskan bahwa kucing hutan dapat hidup di berbagai jenis habitat tetapi habitat utamanya adalah kawasan hutan yang agak terbuka. Meskipun sebagian besar kawasan lindung sesuai untuk habitat kucing terkecil di Jawa ini, kawasan non lindung justru menyediakan area yang jauh lebih besar untuk habitat kucing hutan (66,8 %). Temuan kami juga menyoroti pentingnya menjaga konektivitas antar habitat di kawasan non lindung dan perlindungan habitat dengan menggunakan kebijakan pemerintah saat ini tentang hutan Bernilai Konservasi Tinggi dan Kawasan Ekosistem Esensial.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Appel A, Ghimirey Y, Acharya R. 2012. Status assessment of wild felids with a special focus on clouded leopard and asian golden cat in the Hugu-Kori forest, Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Report submitted to the Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium and the Wuppertal Zoo Association. Kathmandu.
Appel A, Werhahn G, Acharya R, Ghimirey Y, Adhikary B. 2013. Small carnivores in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. Vertebrate Zoology 63(1):111-121.
Austin SC, Tewes ME, Grassman LI, Silvy NJ. 2007. Ecology and conservation of the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis and clouded leopard Neofelis nebulosa in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Acta Zoologica Sinica 7(53):1-14.
Baldwin RA. 2009. Use of maximum entropy modeling in wildlife research. Entropy 11(4):854-866.
Balen Sv, Nijman V, Sozer R. 2001. Conservation of the endemic javan hawk-eagle Spizaetus bartelsi Stresemann, 1924 (Aves?: Falconiformes): density, agestructure and population numbers. Contributions to Zoology 70(3):161-173.
Balen Sv. 1999. Birds on fragmented islands?: persistence in the forests of Java and Bali. Doctoral Thesis. Wageningen University and Research Center, Wageningen.
Bashir T, Bhattacharya T, Poudyal K, Sathyakumar S, Qureshi Q. 2013. Estimating leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis densities using photographic captures and recaptures. Wildlife Biology 19(4):462-472.
Bashir T, Bhattacharya T, Poudyal K, Sathyakumar S, Qureshi Q. 2014. Integrating aspects of ecology and predictive modelling: Implications for the conservation of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in the Eastern Himalaya. Acta Theriologica 59(1):35-47.
Birot H, Campera M, Imron MA, Nekaris KAI. 2019. Artificial canopy bridges improve connectivity in fragmented landscapes: the case of javan slow lorises in an agroforest environment. American Journal of Primatology 82(4):1-10.
Boomgaard P. 2001. Frontiers of fear: tigers and people in the Malay World, 1600-1950.1st edition. Yale University Press, London.
Brodie J, Giordano A. 2010. Small carnivores of the Maliau Basin, Sabah, Borneo, including a new locality for Hose's civet Diplogale hosei. Small Carnivore Conservation 44(June):1-6.
Brown ER, Imron MA, Campera M, Nekaris KAI. 2019. Testing efficacy of a multi-site environmental education programme in a demographically and biologically diverse setting. Environmental Conservation 47(1):60-66.
Chen M-T, Liang Y-J, Kuo C-C, Pei KJ-C. 2016. Home ranges, movements and activity patterns of leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) and threats to them in Taiwan. Mammal Study 41(2):77-86.
Boomgaard P. 2001. Frontiers of fear: tigers and people in the Malay World, 1600-1950.1st edition. Yale University Press, London.
Cheyne SM, Macdonald DW. 2011. Wild felid diversity and activity patterns in Sabangau Peat-Swamp Forest, Indonesian Borneo. Oryx 45(1):119-124.
Dormann CF et al. 2013. Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography 36(1):27-46.
Elith J, Phillips SJ, Hastie T, Dudík M, Chee YE, Yates CJ. 2011. A statistical explanation of MaxEnt for ecologists. Diversity and Distributions 17(1):43-57.
Ferdaus RM, Iswari P, Kristianto ED, Muhajir M, Diantoro TD, Septivianto S. 2014. Rekonfigurasi hutan Jawa?: sebuah peta jalan usulan CSO. Biro Penerbitan Arupa, Yogyakarta.
Grassman L. 2000. Movements and diet of the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis in a seasonal evergreen forest in south-central Thailand. Acta Theriologica 45(3):421-426.
Guisan A, Zimmermann NE. 2000. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecological Modelling 135(2-3):147-186.
Gunawan H. 2010. Habitat dan penyebaran macan tutul jawa (Panthera pardus melas Cuvier 1809) di lansekap terfragmentasi di Jawa Tengah. Doctoral Thesis. Bogor Agriculture Institute, Bogor.
Harjanto E, Mentari R. 2019. On competition between javan rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) and javan bull (Bos javanicus) at Ujung Kulon National Park with allee effect. Biomathematical Sciences 2(1):47-54.
Hisano M, Newman C. 2020. Adaptations to prey base in the hypercarnivorous leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis. Ethology Ecology and Evolution. doi:org/10.1080/03949370.2020.1711816.
Hood ASC et al. 2019. Understory vegetation in oil palm plantations promotes leopard cat activity, but does not affect rats or rat damage. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 2(September):1-12.
Husodo T, Shanida SS, Febrianto P, Pujianto MP, Megantara EN. 2019. Mammalian diversity in West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20(7):1846-1858.
Imron MA, Hastuti HM, Satria RA, Ashari M. 2016. The use of habitat suitability idex map for designing population monitoring of Banteng (Bos javanicus) in Alas Purwo National Park-East Java-Indonesia. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology 5(May):31-39.
Imron MA, Herzog S, Berger U. 2011. The influence of agroforestry and other land-use types on the persistence of a Sumatran tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) population: an individual-based model approach. Environmental management 48(1):276-88.
Imron MA, Tantaryzard M, Satria RA, Maulana I, Pudyatmoko S. 2018. Understory avian community in a teak forest of Cepu, Central Java. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 30(4):509-518.
Inskip C, Zimmermann A. 2009. Human-felid conflict: a review of patterns and priorities worldwide. Oryx 43(1):18.
Jenks KE, Songsasen N, Kanchanasaka B, Leimgruber P, Fuller TK. 2014. Local people's attitudes and perceptions of dholes (Cuon alpinus) around protected areas in southeastern Thailand. Tropical Conservation Science 7(4):765-780.
Jinping Y. 2010. Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis). CAT news Special Issue 5 Autumn 45(3):91-94.
Kalle R, Ramesh T, Qureshi Q, Sankar K, Kalle R, Ramesh T, Qureshi Q, Sankar K. 2014. Estimating seasonal abundance and habitat use of small carnivores in the Western Ghats using an occupancy approach. Journal of Tropical Ecology 30(5):469-480.
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. 2015. Rencana Strategis Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan kehutanan Tahun 2015 - 2019:1-68. Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Jakarta.
Khan MMH. 2004. Food habit of the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis (KERR, 1972) in Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh. Zoo's Print 19(5):1945-1946.
Kitchener AC et al. 2017. A revised taxonomy of the Felidae. The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN/ SSC Cat Specialist Group. CAT news Special Issue 11.
Lee JB, Kim YK, Bae YS. 2019. The spatial analysis of leopard cat scats and the grid for the Ecological and Natural Map in Korea. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity 12(3):390-393. Elsevier Ltd
Lee MJ, Song W, Lee S. 2015. Habitat mapping of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in South Korea using GIS. Sustainability 7(4):4668-4688.
Lee O, Lee S, Nam DH, Lee HY. 2013. Molecular analysis for investigating dietary habits: Genetic screening of prey items in scat and stomach contents of leopard cats Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus. Zoological Studies 52:45. doi:10.1186/1810-522X-52-45.
Lehtinen J, Nekaris KA-I, Nijman V, Coudrat CNZ, Wirdateti W. 2013. Distribution of the Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus): assesing the presence in East Java. Folia Primatologica 84(3-5):295.
Lindenmayer D, Fischer J. 2006. Habitat fragmentation and landscape change: An ecological and conservation synthesis. Islandpress, Washington.
Littlewood NA et al. 2014. Survey and scoping of wildcat priority areas. Scottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report No. 768.
Lorica MRP, Heaney LR. 2013a. Survival of a native mammalian carnivore , the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis Kerr , 1792 (Carnivora?: Felidae), in an agricultural landscape on an oceanic Philippine Island. Journal of Threatened Taxa 5(10):4451-4560.
Lovari S, Ventimiglia M, Minder I. 2013. Food habits of two leopard species, competition, climate change and upper treeline: a way to the decrease of an endangered species? Ethology Ecology & Evolution 25(July):1-14.
Manel S, Ceri Williams H, Ormerod SJ. 2001. Evaluating presence-absence models in ecology: The need to account for prevalence. Journal of Applied Ecology 38(5):921-931.
McCarthy JL, Wibisono HT, McCarthy KP, Fuller TK, Andayani N. 2015. Assessing the distribution and habitat use of four felid species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Global Ecology and Conservation 3(April):210-221.
Melisch R, Asmoro PB, Lubis IR, Kusumawardhani L. 1996. Distribution and status of the Fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus rhizophoreus Sody, 1936) in West Java Indonesia (Mammalia : Carnivora : Felidae). Faunistische Abhandlungen. Staatliches Museum für
Tierkunde Dresden 20(17):311-319.
Merow C, Smith MJ, Silander JA. 2013. A practical guide to MaxEnt for modeling species' distributions: What it does, and why inputs and settings matter. Ecography 36(10):1058-1069.
Miller J. 2010. Species distribution modeling. Geography Compass 4(6):490-509.
Mohamed A et al. 2016. Predicted distribution of the leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) on Borneo. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 2016(May):180-185.
Mohamed, Rahel S, Bernard H, Ambu LN, Lagan P, Mannan S, Hofer H, Wilting A, Mohamed A, Sollmann R. 2013. Density and habitat use of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in three commercial forest reserves in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Mammalogy 94(1):82-89.
Naing KM. 2019. Diet of Leopard Cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in Western Part of Ayeyarwady Region , Myanmar. Pages 260-266 1st Myanmar International Science and Culture Conference 2019. 29 November - 1 Desember 2019, University of Mytkyina, Mytkyina.
Nasi R, Koponen P, Poulsen JG, Buitenzorgy M, Rusmantoro W. 2008. Impact of landscape and corridor design on primates in a large-scale industrial tropical plantation landscape. Biodiversity and Conservation 17(5):1105-1126.
Nekaris K, McCabe S, Spaan D, Imron M, Nijman V. 2017a. A novel application of cultural consensus models to evaluate conservation education programs. Conservation biology 32(2):466-476.
Nekaris KAI et al. 2017b. Coexistence between Javan slow lorises (Nycticebus javanicus) and humans in a dynamic agroforestry landscape in West Jawa. International Journal of Primatology 38(March):303-320.
Nijman V. 2004. Conservation of the Javan gibbon Hylobates moloch: Population estimates, local extinctions, and conservation priorities. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52(1):271-280.
Nijman V. 2013. One hundred years of solitude: Effects of long-term forest fragmentation on the Primate community of Java, Indonesia. Page Primates in Fragments: Complexity and Resilience, Developments in Primatology: Progess and Prospects. New York.
Nijman V et al. 2019. Dynamics of illegal wildlife trade in Indonesian markets over two decades, illustrated by trade in Sunda Leopard Cats. Biodiversity 20(1):27-40.
Nowell K, Jackson P. 1996. Status survey and conservation plan wild cats. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
Nurvianto S, Eprilurahman R, Imron MA, Herzog S. 2016. Feeding habits of pack living dhole (Cuon alpinus) in a dry deciduous forest of East Java , Indonesia. Tapbronica 08(01):10-20.
Nurvianto S, Imron MA, Herzog S. 2015. Activity patterns and behaviour of denning dholes (Cuon alpinus) in a dry deciduous forest of East Java, Indonesia. Bull. Env. Pharmacol. Life Sci. 4(November):45-54.
Oh DH, Moteki S, Nakanish N, Izawa M. 2010. Effects of human activities on home range size and habitat use of the Tsushima leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus in a suburban area on the Tsushima islands, Japan. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology 33(1):3-13.
Oswell AH. 2010. The Big cat trade in Myanmar and Thailand. TRAFFIC Southeast Asia. Selangor.
Park MR, Korea S, Park H, Lim A, Choi T-Y, Lim S-J, Park Y-C. 2017. Estimating population density of Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) from camera traps in Maekdo Riparian Park, South Korea. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science 33(3):239-242.
Phillips S, Dudík M, Schapire R. 2004. A maximum entropy approach to species distribution modeling. Proceedings of the Twenty-First International Conference on Machine Learning page 655-662. Canada. Available from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1015412
Phillips SJ. 2017. A Brief Tutorial on Maxent. AT & T Research pp1-38. Available from url: http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent/.
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling 190(3-4):231-259.
Poor EE, Frimpong E, Imron MA, Kelly MJ. 2019. Protected area effectiveness in a sea of palm oil: a Sumatran case study. Biological Conservation 234(June):123-130.
Pudyatmoko S, Djuwantoko, Sabarno Y. 2007. Evidence of Banteng (Bos javanicus) decline in Baluran National Park, Indonesia. Journal of Biological Sciences 7(6):854-859.
Qiptiyah M, Pudyatmoko S, Widyatmoko A, Imron MA, Nur tjahjaningsih I LG. 2019. Cytochromebmitochondrial DNA characteristic from non-invasive samples of wild population Javan Banteng (Bos Javanicus d'Alton, 1823). Biodiversitas 20(2):350-355.
Purnomo DW, Pudyatmoko S. 2011. Karakteristik habitat banteng (Bos javanicus d'Alton, 1823) di Resort Rowobendo Taman Nasional Alas Purwo. Journal of Biota 16(1):16-25.
Rajaratnam R, Sunquist M, Rajaratnam L, Ambu L. 2007. Diet and habitat selection of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis borneoensis) in an agricultural landscape in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo. Journal of Tropical Ecology 23(2007):209.
Redon M, Luque S. 2010. Presence-only modelling for indicator species distribution: Biodiversity monitoring in the French Alps. 6th Spatial Analysis and Geomatics International Conference (SAGEO 2010) 1:42-55.
Rode-Margono EJ, Voskamp A, Spaan D, Lehtinen JK, Roberts PD, Nijman V, Nekaris KAI. 2014. Records of small carnivores and of medium-sized nocturnal mammals on Java, Indonesia. Small Carnivore Conservation 50(July):1-11.
Ross J et al. 2015. Prionailurus bengalensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015?: e.T18146A50661611. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18146A50661611.en.
Sari DF, Budiadi, Imron MA. 2020. The utilization of trees by endangered primate species Javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus) in shade-grown coffee agroforestry of Central Java. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 449 (012044):1-12.
Schmidt K, Nakanishi N, Izawa M, Okamura M, Watanabe S, Tanaka S, Doi T. 2009. The reproductive tactics and activity patterns of solitary carnivores: The Iriomote cat. Journal of Ethology 27(1):165-174.
Selvan M, Lyngdoh S, Gopi GV, Habib B. 2014. Density estimation of leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis using capture-recapture sampling in lowland forest of Pakke Tiger Reserve, Arunachal Pradesh, India. Mammalia 78(4):555-559.
Setiawan A, Djuwantoko, Bintari AW, Kusuma YWC, Pudyatmoko S, Imron MA. 2007. Populasi dan distribusi rekrekan (Presbytis fredericae) di Lereng Selatan Gunung Slamet Jawa Tengah. Biodiversitas 8(4):305-308.
Setiawan A, Wibisono Y, Nugroho TS, Agustin IY, Imron MA, Pudyatmoko S, Djuwantoko. 2010. Javan Surili: A survey population and distribution in Mt. Slamet Central Java, Indonesia. Jurnal Primatologi Indonesia 7(2):51-54.
Setiawan R et al. 2018. Preventing global extinction of the Javan rhino: Tsunami risk and future conservation direction. Conservation Letters 11(1):1-9.
Shanida SS, Partasasmita R, Husodo T, Parikesit, Megantara EN. 2018. Javan leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis javanensis Desmarest, 1816) in the cisokan nonconservation forest areas, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19(1):37-41.
Silmi M, Anggara S, Dahlen B. 2013. Using leopard cats (Prionailurus bengalensis) as biological pest control of rats in a palm oil plantation. Journal of Indonesian Natural History 1(1):31-36.
Sodik M, Pudyatmoko S, Semedi P, Yuwono H, Tafrichan M, Imron MA. 2020. Better providers of habitat for javan slow loris (Nycticebus javanicus E . Geoffroy 1812 ): A species distribution modeling approach in Central Java , Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21(5):1890-1900.
Subagyo A, Yunus M, Sumianto, Supriatna J, Andayani N, Mardiastuti A, Sjahfirdi L, Yasman, Sunarto. 2013. Survei dan monitoring kucing liar (Carnivora:Felidae) di Taman Nasional Way Kambas, Lampung, Indonesia. Pages 84-95 Seminar Nasional Sains & Teknologi V. 19-23 November 2013, Lampung University, Lampung.
Sulistyari D. 2013. Sejarah penunjukkan kawasan konservasi pada periode 1919-2010 di provinsi Jawa Tengah. Thesis (Unpublished). Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta.
Sulistyowati S, Hadi SP. 2018. The existence of High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF) in Perum Perhutani KPH Kendal to support Implementation of FSC Certification. Page E3S Web of Conferences. DOI:10.1051/e3sconf/20183108019
Suzuki H, Sakurai S, Hosoda T, Tsuchiya K, Munechika I, Korablev VP. 1994. Phylogenetic relationship between the Iriomote cat and the leopard cat, Felis bengalensis, based on the ribosomal DNA. Japanese Journal of Genetics 69(4):397-406.
Swets JA. 1988. Measuring the accuracy of diagnostic systems. Science 240(4857):1285-1293.
Tamada T, Siriaroonrat B, Subramaniam V, Hamachi M, Lin L-K, Oshida T, Rerkamnuaychoke W, Masuda R. 2008. Molecular diversity and phylogeography of the Asian Leopard cat, Felis bengalensis, inferred from Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal DNA Sequences.
Zoological Science 25(2):154-163.
Tschanz B, Hegglin D, Gloor S, Bontadina F. 2011. Hunters and non-hunters: skewed predation rate by domestic cats in a rural village. European Journal of Wildlife Research 57(3):597-602.
Voskamp A, Rode EJ, Coudrat CNZ, Wirdateti, Abinawanto, Wilson RJ, Nekaris KAI. 2014. Modelling the habitat use and distribution of the threatened Javan slow loris Nycticebus javanicus. Endangered Species Research 23(3):277-286.
Wardatutthoyyibah, Pudyatmoko S, Subrata SA, Imron MA. 2019. The sufficiency of existed protected areas in conserving the habitat of proboscis monkey (Nasalis larvatus). Biodiversitas 20(1):1-10.
Watanabe S. 2012. Ecological flexibility of the top predator in an island ecosystem - food habit of the Iriomote Cat. Pages 465-484 Diversity of Ecosystems. Prof. Mahamane Ali (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-51-0572-5, InTech, Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/
books/diversity-of-ecosystems/ecological-flexibilityof-the-top-predator-in-an- island-ecosystem-foodhabit-of-the-iriomote-cat
Wibisono HT, Wahyudi HA, Wilianto E, Romaria Pinondang IM, Primajati M, Liswanto D, Linkie M. 2018. Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the critically endangered javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java
Island. PLoS ONE 13(6):1-13.
Wilting A et al. 2016. Evolutionary history and conservation significance of the javan leopard Panthera pardus melas. Journal of Zoology 299(4):239-250.
Winasis S, Hakim L, Imron MA. 2018. The utilization of burungnesia to detect citizen scientist participation preference in birding sites observation in Java Island. Journal of Indonesian Tourism and Development Studies 6(1):49-54.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jik.61403
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 6977
| 
views : 5369
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan
License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
© Editorial Board Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan
Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Building D 2nd floor
Jl. Agro No 1, Bulaksumur, Sleman 55281
Phone. +62-274-512102, +62-274-550541, +62-274-6491420
Fax. +62-274-550541 E-mail : jik@ugm.ac.id
former website : jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jikfkt/
new website : jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/jik/
Indexed by:
Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan is under the license of Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
