* Corresponding Author
Mapping Food Security in Indonesia: Geographic Clusters and Regional Disparities
https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.99419 Rusli Abdulah(1*)
(1) Graduate School of International Development (GSID), Nagoya University - Japan and Institute for Development of Economics and Finance (INDEF) - Jakarta
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Food security has become a global issue, and represents the first of the Sustainable Development Goals, which is zero hunger. Many countries, including Indonesia, have set food security as the central policy on their development agenda. There has been some research into food security issues, but primarily this has no spatial context. This research identifies spatial clusters—high-high, low-low, high-low, and low-high—across four food security measures: the Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas, the Dietary Diversity Score, the Food Variety Score, and the Calorie Intake. It explores 514 districts in Indonesia for 2019 using Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA, Global Moran’s I) and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA). The data for measuring food security come from SUSENAS (the National Socio-Economic Survey), Statistics of Indonesia and the National Food Agency. The research reveals the presence of regional food security in Indonesia. Eastern Indonesia faces challenges from food insecurity issues. The LISA result shows that there are low-low clusters in eastern Indonesia because of geographical isolation, poor economic performance, and a lack of infrastructure. Conversely, high clusters in western Indonesia, especially in Java Island, benefit from favorable agricultural conditions, a robust infrastructure, and diverse food markets. High-low clusters highlight that there are urban centers with better food access amidst less secure areas, while low-high clusters face economic and logistical challenges despite being near food-secure regions. This local analysis offers nuanced insights beyond the results of a standard ESDA, emphasizing the need for tailored policies to address regional disparities. Future research should explore the determinants of food security using spatial and non-spatial econometric approaches and should apply convergence analysis to identify the factors driving prosperous regions, providing benchmarks for enhancing food security across all districts.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Act No 18 Year of 2012 about Food, Jaringan Dokumentasi dan dan Informasi Hukum, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) Republik Indonesia, (2012).
Aguilera, T., & Jatmiko, Y. A. (2023). Pemodelan Tingkat Kerawanan Pangan Rumah Tangga di Indonesia Tahun 2021 dengan Pendekatan Regresi Logistik Ordinal. Indonesian Journal of Applied Statistics, 5(2), 90. https://doi.org/10.13057/ijas.v5i2.65141
Akbar, A., Darma, R., Fahmid, I. M., & Irawan, A. (2023). Determinants of household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(5), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15054131
Amrullah, E. R., Ishida, A., Pullaila, A., & Rusyiana, A. (2019). Who suffers from food insecurity in Indonesia? International Journal of Social Economics, 46(10), 1186–1197. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2019-0196
Amrullah, E. R., Tokuda, H., Rusyiana, A., & Ishida, A. (2023). Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on food insecurity in Indonesian households. International Journal of Social Economics, 50(12), 1790–1803. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-03-2023-0186
Anda, M., & Dahlgren, R. A. (2020). Mineralogical and surface charge characteristics of Andosols experiencing long-term, land-use change in West Java, Indonesia. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 66(5), 702–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/00380768.2020.1820758
Anselin, L. (1995). Local Indicators of Spatial Association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), 93–115. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x
Anselin, L. (2020). Geoda workbook, Distance-band spatial weights. https://geodacenter.github.io/workbook/4b_dist_weights/lab4b.html#thiessen-polygons
Badan Pangan Nasional. (2023). Peta Ketahanan Pangan dan Kerentanan Pangan (Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas). https://fsva.badanpangan.go.id/
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WHO, & WFP. (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020. Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. In The State of the World (FAO). https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en
Grekousis, G. (2020). Spatial analysis methods and practice. Describe–explore–explain through GIS Cambridge University Press.
Hatløy, A., Hallund, J., Diarra, M. M., & Oshaug, A. (2000a). Food variety, socioeconomic status and nutritional status in urban and rural areas in Koutiala (Mali). Public Health Nutrition, 3(1), 57–65. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980000000628
Herlina, H., Sartono, B., & Susetyo, B. (2020). Kajian Validitas Instrumen Pengukuran Skala Pengalaman Kerawanan Pangan Di Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Statistics and Its Applications, 4(1), 136–155. https://doi.org/10.29244/ijsa.v4i1.543
Hodgson, J. M., Hsu-Hage, B. H. H., & Wahlqvist, M. L. (1994). Food variety as a quantitative descriptor of food intake. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 32(3–4), 137–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1994.9991395
Kadir, K., Prasetyo, O. R., & Rudiana, E. (2023). Food Insecurity Experience Scale Measurement of Agricultural Households in Indonesia: Analysis of the Agricultural Integrated Survey Results. International Conference on Agriculture Statistics, May. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/370873070
Mendez, C., & Siregar, T. H. (2023). Regional unemployment dynamics in Indonesia: Serial persistence, spatial dependence, and common factors. Letters in Spatial and Resource Sciences, 16(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-023-00364-6
Ministry of Agriculture Indonesia; World Food Programme. (2015). Food Security and Vulnerability Atlas of Indonesia (FSVA) 2015.
Miranti, R. C., & Mendez, C. (2023). Social and economic convergence across districts in Indonesia: A spatial econometric approach. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 59(3), 421–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2022.2071415
Moran, P. A. (1950). Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika, 37(1–2), 17–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOMET/37.1-2.17
Nugroho, T. W., Hanani, N., Toiba, H., & Sujarwo, S. (2022). Does social capital improve food security? Evidence from the Indonesian family life survey. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development, 12(2), 138–147. https://doi.org/10.55493/5005.v12i2.4502
Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 66 of 2021 Concerning the National Food Agency (2021).
Purwanto, S., Abdul Gani, R., & Sukarman, S. (2020). Karakteristik Mineral Tanah Berbahan Vulkanik dan Potensi Kesuburannya di Pulau Jawa. Jurnal Sumberdaya Lahan, 12(2), 83. https://doi.org/10.21082/jsdl.v12n2.2018.83-98
Regulation of Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia No 28 Year 2019 about Nutrition Standard (2019).
Regulation of Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia No 75 Year 2013 about Nutrition Standard (2013).
Rinardi, H. (2020). Java and Outer Island: Economic inequality and inter-island shipping policy in Indonesia until the 1960s. E3S Web of Conferences, 202. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020207070
Santos-Marquez, F., Gunawan, A. B., & Mendez, C. (2022). Regional income disparities, distributional convergence, and spatial effects: Evidence from Indonesian regions 2010–2017. GeoJournal, 87(3), 2373–2391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-021-10377-7
Thow, A. M., Sharma, S. K., & Rachmi, C. N. (2019). An analysis of Indonesia’s shrinking food security policy space under the WTO. Food Security, 11(6), 1275–1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019-00967-2
Vidyarini, A., Martianto, D., & Syarief, H. (2021). Evaluation of food and nutrition security level at provincial level based on outcome indicators in Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 16(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2021.16.1.1-10
Wahyuni, R. N. T., Ikhsan, M., Damayanti, A., & Khoirunurrofik, K. (2022). Inter-district road infrastructure and spatial inequality in rural Indonesia. Economies, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10090229
Widada, A. W., Masyhuri, M., & Mulyo, J. H. (2017). Determinant factors of food security in Indonesia. Agro Ekonomi, 28(2), 205. https://doi.org/10.22146/jae.26245
Yuliana, I. (2018). Village funds utilization strategy to improve food security. Efficient: Indonesian Journal of Development Economics, 1(2), 143–156. https://doi.org/10.15294/efficient.v1i2.30155
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.99419
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2129
| 
views : 240
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2025 Authors and Indonesian Journal of Geography
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The Indonesian Journal of Geography (ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print)) is an international journal published by the Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada in collaboration with The Indonesian Geographers Association. The content of this website is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License
Accredited Journal, Based on Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia Number 225/E/KPT/2022, Vol 54 No 1 the Year 2022 - Vol 58 No 2 the Year 2026 (accreditation certificate download)