* Corresponding Author
Smart City Approaches to Public Spaces and Services during and after COVID-19: Case Studies in Four Capital Cities
https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.84578 Rini Rachmawati(1*), Estuning Tyas Wulan Mei(2), Eko Haryono(3), Hilary Reinhart(4), Rizki Adriadi Ghiffari(5), Amandita Ainur Rohmah(6), Thas Saralah(7), Hanindha Pradipa(8), Idea Wening Nurani(9), Angelo Andi Petre(10)
(1) Smart City, Village, and Region Research Group, Department of Development Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(2) Smart City, Village, and Region Research Group, Department of Development Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
(3) Department of Environmental Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
(4) Spatial Planning Laboratory, Department of Development Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
(5) Spatial Planning Laboratory, Department of Development Geography, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
(6) Graduate Program on Regional Development, Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(7) Master of Public Policy, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
(8) Master of Environment, Fenner School of Environment and Society, The Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia.
(9) Laboratoire de Géographie Physique : Environnements Quaternaires et Actuels UMR 8591, Ecole Doctorale de Géographie de Paris, Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, Paris, France.
(10) Master of Geodemography and socio-territorial vulnerabilities, Faculty of Geography, University of Bucharest, 010041 Bucharest, Romania
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic was reported to modify people’s behaviour in using public spaces and accessing services. This fact has become a critical input related to future city development strategies, space arrangements, and the implementation of smart city. Therefore, this study aims to 1) Identify efforts in several cities during COVID-19 pandemic, specifically concerning the use of public spaces and services, and 2) Compile the outlines of future urban planning strategies after the pandemic. The aspects related to the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT), space arrangement, and urban environment are discussed. The analysis is based on case studies in four capital cities, namely Jakarta, Paris, Bucharest, and Canberra. Furthermore, field observations and in-depth interviews are used to emphasize changes in the function and use of public spaces and services during and after the pandemic. The result shows that differences and common elements configure the transformations of urban spaces since changes in the use of public spaces are closely connected to efforts to combat the pandemic. Meanwhile, in public services, changes are associated with the increasing use of ICT and Internet of Things (IoT). In the future, cities need to show their visions according to the local conditions supporting better spatial arrangement and management of urban environment due to ICT and IoT prominence.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
ACT Government. (2022). ACT COVID-19 statistics. Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Government. https://www.covid19.act.gov.au/updates/act-covid-19-statistics
APHP. (2020). Covidom : une solution de télésuivi à domicile pour les patients porteurs ou suspectés Covid-19 co-construite par l’AP-HP et Nouveal e-santé. Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris. https://www.aphp.fr/actualite/covidom-une-solution-de-telesuivi-domicile-pour-les-patients-porteurs-ou-suspectes-covid
Archambault, C. (2020). Paris to turn more streets over to bicycles as Covid-19 lockdown lifts. France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/20200505-paris-to-turn-more-streets-over-to-bicycles-as-covid-19-coronavirus-lockdown-lifts
Barlow, M., & Levy-Bencheton, C. (2018). Smart cities, smart future: Showcasing tomorrow. John Wiley & Sons.
Bourion-Bédès, S., Tarquinio, C., Batt, M., Tarquinio, P., Lebreuilly, R., Sorsana, C., Legrand, K., Rousseau, H., & Baumann, C. (2021). Stress and associated factors among French university students under the COVID-19 lockdown: The results of the PIMS-CoV 19 study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 283, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.041
Branchi, P. E., Fernández-Valdivielso, C., & Matias, I. R. (2014). Analysis matrix for smart cities. Future Internet, 6(1), 61–75.
Browne, R. (2021). Apps that promise grocery deliveries in 10 minutes invade Europe as shopping shifts online. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/12/getir-gorillas-and-dija-speedy-grocery-delivery-apps-invade-europe.html
Bryman, A. (2008). Social research methods (3rd Editio). Oxford University Press.
Bunel, M., L’Horty, Y., Du Parquet, L., & Petit, P. (2017). Les discriminations dans l’accès au logement à Paris: une expérience contrôlée. Halshs-01521995.
Całus, K. (2021). OSW Commentary-Digitisation in Romania accelerates during the pandemic (Vol. 409). OSW: Centre for Eastern Studies.
CNEWS. (2020). Coronavirus : Les Bars Et Restaurants Parisiens Dans Le Rouge. CNEWS. https://www.cnews.fr/france/2020-10-12/coronavirus-les-bars-et-restaurants-parisiens-dans-le-rouge-1007206
Daniele, F., Segu, M., Bounie, D., & Camara, Y. (2022). Bike-friendly cities: an opportunity for local businesses? Evidence from the city of Paris (No. 09; THEMA Working Paper N°2022). THEMA (THéorie Economique, Modélisation et Applications), Université de ….
Dewi, P. S. T., Susanti, A., & Putra, I. W. Y. A. (2022). The Transformation of Coffee Shops into Coworking Spaces During the Pandemic. 4th International Conference on Innovation in Engineering and Vocational Education (ICIEVE 2021), 272–278. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220305.055
Eriya, Yuly, A. R., Adila, R. N., Nugrahani, F., Waluyo, Y. S., & Hammad, J. A. H. (2020). Working Space Virtual Office Prototype in Pandemic Era. 2020 3rd International Conference on Computer and Informatics Engineering (IC2IE), 388–392. https://doi.org/10.1109/IC2IE50715.2020.9274604
European Commission. (2016). eGovernment in France.
Everett, M. (2022). How is the city of Paris adapting to climate change? France 24. https://www.france24.com/en/france/20220827-how-is-the-city-of-paris-adapting-to-climate-change
Franceinfo. (2020). Covid-19 : les salariés du musée du Louvre réclament des “mesures de prévention spécifiques”, affirme la CGT Culture. France Télévisions. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sante/maladie/coronavirus/covid-19-les-salaries-du-musee-du-louvre-reclament-des-mesures-de-prevention-specifiques-affirme-la-cgt-culture_3850435.html
Gerring, J. (2006). Case study research: Principles and practices. Cambridge university press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381607080243
Graziella, L., & Gabriella, J. (2022). COVID: que faire à la maison pendant son isolement ? Sortiraparis.Com. https://www.sortiraparis.com/actualites/a-paris/articles/267754-covid-que-faire-a-la-maison-pendant-son-isolement
Henry, C. (2020). Déconfinement à Paris : Anne Hidalgo veut faciliter les déplacements à vélo et à pied. Le Parisien. https://www.leparisien.fr/paris-75/deconfinement-a-paris-anne-hidalgo-veut-faciliter-les-deplacements-a-velo-et-a-pied-04-05-2020-8310735.php
Higginson, S., Milovanovic, K., Gillespie, J., Matthews, A., Williams, C., Wall, L., Moy, N., Hinwood, M., Melia, A., & Paolucci, F. (2020). COVID-19: The need for an Australian economic pandemic response plan. Health Policy and Technology, 9(4), 488–502. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlpt.2020.08.017
Île-de-France Mobilités. (2021). Île-de-France Mobilités Green Bond Framework. https://www.iledefrance-mobilites.fr/medias/portail-idfm/403255b5-fdcc-4744-a42c-1e28a8276546_FrameworkGreenbund_EN-110521.pdf
INSEE. (2021). France, portrait social: Édition 2021. Www.Insee.Fr. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/5435421
INSEE. (2022). Nombre de voyages en France (SÉRIES CHRONOLOGIQUES Paru). Www.Insee.Fr. https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/serie/010758175#Tableau
Jeannot, G. (2018). From e-government to the smart city: old and new issues. Colloque European Group of Public Administration (EGPA).
Katadata Insight Center (KIC). (2020). Beralih ke Pemasaran Digital, Siasat UMKM Bangkit dari Krisis. Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/06/27/beralih-ke-pemasaran-digital-siasat-umkm-bangkit-dari-krisis
Keller, A., Groot, J., Matta, J., Bu, F., El Aarbaoui, T., Melchior, M., Fancourt, D., Zins, M., Goldberg, M., & Nybo Andersen, A.-M. (2022). Housing environment and mental health of Europeans during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-country comparison. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-09316-4
Lallier, H. (2022). Deux ans et demi de Covid-19 en France : l’histoire de l’épidémie en sept vagues. L’Express. https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/societe/sante/deux-ans-et-demi-de-covid-19-en-france-l-histoire-de-l-epidemie-en-sept-vagues_2176368.html
Laurent, P., & Rizhlaine, F. (2021). Culture chez vous : les musées parisiens et leurs collections en visite virtuelle. Sortiraparis.Com. https://www.sortiraparis.com/arts-culture/exposition/articles/211750-culture-chez-vous-les-musees-parisiens-et-leurs-collections-en-visite-virtuelle
Liputan6.com. (2020). Jokowi Minta Masyarakat Berobat Online, Cek 5 Aplikasi Kesehatan Mitra Pemerintah. Liputan6.Com. https://www.liputan6.com/health/read/4228757/jokowi-minta-masyarakat-berobat-online-cek-5-aplikasi-kesehatan-mitra-pemerintah
Martini, E. (2014). Penataan Kembali Taman Kota Berdasarkan Kriteria Kualitas Taman (Studi Kasus Taman Lapangan Banteng, Jakarta Pusat). Forum Ilmiah, 11(3), 311–322.
MP France3. (2020). Télétravail prolongé, attestation employeur, horaires décalés, une charte en négociation pour organiser le déconfinement. France 3. https://france3-regions.francetvinfo.fr/paris-ile-de-france/teletravail-prolonge-attestation-employeur-horaires-decales-charte-negociation-organiser-deconfinement-1824154.html
Muminovic, M. (2016). Place identity and sustainable urban regeneration: Public space in Canberra City Centre. Urban Regeneration & Sustainability, 12(4), 734–743. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2495/SDP-V12-N4-734-743
Nam, T., & Pardo, T. A. (2011). Conceptualizing smart city with dimensions of technology, people, and institutions. Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Digital Government Research Conference: Digital Government Innovation in Challenging Times, 282–291.
Nouveal. (2020). COVIDOM: Le suivi des patients porteurs et suspects COVID-19. Nouveal. https://www.nouveal.com/references/covidom
Nursanto, A. (2011). Analisa Taman Menteng sebagai taman kota berdasarkan kriteria kualitas taman Jakarta Pusat. Planesa, 2(1), 10–16.
OHCHR. (2020). Romania’s contribution to the oral update of the High Commissioner for Human Rights at the Human Rights Council’s forty-fifth session Human rights implications of the COVID-19 pandemic. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FDocuments%2FEvents%2FGoodPracticesCoronavirus%2Fromania-submission.docx&wdOrigin=BROWSELINK
Paauwe, M. (2021). Assessing the Effect of Bike Lane Construction on Surrounding Property Values in Paris, France–A Quantitative Approach. RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN.
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2022a). Instagram Account of Jakarta Provincial Government. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/dkijakarta/?hl=en
Pemerintah Provinsi DKI Jakarta. (2022b). Tahukah kamu? Beberapa Ruang Publik di Jakarta Ada Wi-Fi Gratis! Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CgwFniGrzQS/?igshid=YmMyMTA2M2Y=
Prasetyo, F. (2017). Car Free Day: Transformasi Ruang dan Globalisasi Urbanisme Kontemporer di Bandung. Jurnal Pemikiran Sosiologi, 4(1), 1–24.
Preda, I. (2020). Challenges in the management of emergency public procurement performed in Romania to combat the COVID-19 pandemic. Business Excellence and Management, 10(SI 1), 67–87.
Rachmawati, R. (2019a). Toward better city management through smart city implementation. Human Geographies, 13(2), 209–218. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2019.132.6
Rachmawati, R. (2019b). Virtual Office Dan Coworking Space Sebagai Konsep Baru Pemanfaatan Ruang dan ICT: Kajian Di Perkotaan Yogyakarta, Laporan Hibah Penelitian Mandiri Dosen.
Rachmawati, R., Mei, E. T. W., Nurani, I. W., Ghiffari, R. A., Rohmah, A. A., & Sejati, M. A. (2021a). Innovation in coping with the covid-19 pandemic: The best practices from five smart cities in Indonesia. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(21), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112072
Rachmawati, R., Choirunnisa, U., Pambagyo, Z. A., Syarafina, Y. A., & Ghiffari, R. A. (2021b). Work from home and the use of ict during the covid-19 pandemic in indonesia and its impact on cities in the future. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(12), 6760. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126760
Rachmawati, R., Ettema, D., Rijanta, R., & Djunaedi, A. (2010). The Impact of ICT Use to The Change of Work Pattern and Its Relationship With work Travel. Proceeding World Academy of Science, Engineering, and Technology, 66, 2587–2607.
Rachmawati, R., Hapsari, S. A., & Cita, A. M. (2018). Virtual space utilization in the Digital SMEs Kampongs: Implementation of Smart City and Region. Human Geographies--Journal of Studies & Research in Human Geography, 12(1), 41–53. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2018.121.3
Rachmawati, R., Imami, Q., Nasution, L. A., Choirunnisa, U., Pinto, R. P. A., & Pradipa, H. (2020). Urban environmental management: an effort toward Magelang smart city. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 451(1), 12029.
Rachmawati, R., Rijanta, R., & Djunaedi, A. (2015). Location decentralization due to the use of information and communication technology: empirical evidence from Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Human Geographies--Journal of Studies & Research in Human Geography, 9(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2015.91.1
RATP Group. (2017). Navigo monthly and weekly travel passes. RATP Group. https://www.ratp.fr/en/titres-et-tarifs/navigo-monthly-and-weekly-travel-passes
Reuters. (2020). Paris’ Louvre Museum closed as staff walk out over coronavirus. Thomson Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-france-louvre-idUSKBN20O1OG
Roederer, T., Mollo, B., Vincent, C., Nikolay, B., Llosa, A. E., Nesbitt, R., Vanhomwegen, J., Rose, T., Goyard, S., Anna, F., Torre, C., Fourrey, E., Simsons, E., Hennequin, W., Mills, C., & Luquero, F. J. (2021). Seroprevalence and risk factors of exposure to COVID-19 in homeless people in Paris, France: a cross-sectional study. The Lancet Public Health, 6(4), e202–e209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00001-3
Rustanto, A. E. (2021). Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Masyarakat pada RPTRA di Wilayah Jakarta Pada Masa Pandemi Covid-19. Kolaborasi: Jurnal Administrasi Publik, 7(1), 84–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v7i1.4736
Rustanto, A. E., & Akhmad, J. (2021). RPTRA Activities Program in Services to the Community During the Covid-19 Pandemic. 1st Annual International Conference on Natural and Social Science Education (ICNSSE 2020), 97–102. https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210430.014
Sante Publique France. (2020). Chiffres clés et évolution de la COVID-19 en France et dans le Monde.
SEA Insight. (2020). Pandemi Covid-19 Pacu UMKM Gunakan Media Digital. Databoks. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2020/07/03/pandemi-covid-19-pacu-umkm-gunakan-media-digital
Sepe, M. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and public spaces: improving quality and flexibility for healthier places. Urban Design International, 26(2), 159–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-021-00153-x
Setiani, S., Herlambang, S., & Tjung, L. J. (2020). Strategi Pengelolaan Coworking Space untuk Menghadapi Persaingan Bisnis (Objek Studi: Conclave Wijaya, Kelurahan Petogongan. Kecamatan Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan). Jurnal Sains, Teknologi, Urban, Perancangan, Arsitektur (Stupa), 2(2), 2851–2862. https://doi.org/10.24912/stupa.v2i2.8881
Setiawan, Y., Rushayati, S. B., Hermawan, R., Wijayanto, A. K., Prasetyo, L. B., & Permatasari, P. A. (2020). The effect of utilization patterns of green open space on the dynamics change of air quality due to the Covid-19 pandemic in Jabodetabek region. Journal of Natural and Environmental Resources Management, 10(4), 559–567. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.10.4.559-567
Situmorang, A. P. (2020). BI: Penjualan E-commerce Naik 26 Persen Selama Pandemi Virus Corona. Merdeka.Com. https://www.merdeka.com/uang/bi-penjualan-e-commerce-naik-26-persen-selama-pandemi-virus-corona.html
SNCFConnect. (2022). Comment voyager sans voiture pour réduire son empreinte carbone. https://www.sncf-connect.com/article/comment-voyager-sans-voiture-pour-reduire-son-empreinte-carbone
Statista. (2020). Leading city destinations in Europe in 2019, by number of international arrivals (in 1,000s). Statista Ltd. https://www.statista.com/statistics/487572/leading-european-city-destinations/
Statista. (2022). Leading grocery delivery providers in France as of January 2022, by number of product references. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1166588/grocery-delivery-by-products-listing-france/
Tebet Eco Park. (2022a). Tebet Eco Park: Connecting People With Nature. Dinas Pertamanan Dan Hutan Kota Provinsi DKI Jakarta. https://tebetecopark.id/
Tebet Eco Park. (2022b). Tebet Eco Park: Connecting People with Nature. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/tebetecopark/?hl=en
TheJakartaPost. (2020). Hotels in Paris to house the homeless. PT Bina Media Tenggara. https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2020/03/20/hotels-in-paris-to-house-the-homeless.html
Tudor, A. D. (2021). Bucharest Public Transport: Challenges During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Business Excellence and Management, 11(5), 103–112.
Túri, G., Kassay, J., Virág, A., Dózsa, C., Horváth, K., & Lorenzovici, L. (2022). Riding the Pandemic Waves—Lessons to Be Learned from the COVID-19 Crisis Management in Romania. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease, 7(7), 122.
UN. ECE. (2015). Paris Declaration :City in Motion, People First (pp. 1–14). UN, PP - New York : PP - Geneva.
Vegacomp Consulting. (2021). Mapping of Smart Cities, Smart Counties, and Smart Villages in Romania in 2021 - 860 Projects in 124 Cities. Vegacomp Consulting SRL. https://vegacomp.ro/smart-city-scan-for-romania-snapshot-860-projects-in-124-cities/
Vie Publique. (2022). LOI no 2022-1089 du 30 juillet 2022 mettant fin aux régimes d’exception créés pour lutter contre l’épidémie liée à la covid-19. Journal Officiel De La République Française, 1–5.
Ville de Paris. (2022a). Plan Climat Air Energie : 500 mesures pour la Ville de Paris. Ville de Paris. Www.Paris.Fr. https://www.paris.fr/pages/nouveau-plan-climat-500-mesures-pour-la-ville-de-paris-5252
Ville de Paris. (2022b). Service à Paris: Payer son stationnement. Www.Paris.Fr. https://www.paris.fr/pages/payer-son-stationnement-2129#:~:text=0 974 594 800 (flowbird,à partir de février 2023
Ville de Paris. (2022c). Service: Véhicules partagés. Www.Paris.Fr. https://www.paris.fr/pages/vehicules-partages-4541
Wibowo, A., & Ritonga, M. (2018). Kebutuhan pengembangan standar nasional indonesia fasilitas taman kota. Jurnal Standardisasi, 18(3), 161–170.
Yeung, P. (2021). How France is testing free public transport. https://www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20210519-how-france-is-testing-free-public-transport
Kurniawati, W., & Prihantini, P. (2019). Smart City and Shifting Meaning of Public Space. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 248, 012012. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/248/1/012012
Kuzior, A., Krawczyk, D., Brożek, P., Pakhnenko, O., Vasylieva, T., & Lyeonov, S. (2022). Resilience of Smart Cities to the Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Context of Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 14(19), 12645. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141912645
Megahed, N. A., & Abdel-Kader, R. F. (2022). Smart Cities after COVID-19: Building a conceptual framework through a multidisciplinary perspective. Scientific African, 17, e01374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01374
Shedid, M. Y. (2022). Exploring the different technological qualities of dynamic configurations in smart sustainable urban spaces. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1113(1), 012029. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1113/1/012029
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2021). COVID-19 and a New Resilient Infrastructure Landscape. OECD Publishing.
Afrin, S., Chowdhury, F. J., & Rahman, M. M. (2021). COVID-19 pandemic: rethinking strategies for resilient urban design, perceptions, and planning. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 3, 668263.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.84578
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 493
| 
views : 280
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Rini Rachmawati, Estuning Tyas Wulan Mei, Eko Haryono, Hilary Reinhart, Rizki Adriadi Ghiffari, Amandita Ainur Rohmah, Thas Saralah, Hanindha Pradipa, Angelo Andi Petre
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Accredited Journal, Based on Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia Number 225/E/KPT/2022, Vol 54 No 1 the Year 2022 - Vol 58 No 2 the Year 2026 (accreditation certificate download)
ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print)