Specifications of Cartographic Symbols for Indonesian Tactile Map
Noorhadi Rahardjo(1), Ika Noor Muslihah M(2), Candra Sari Djati Kartika(3*)
(1) Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
(2) Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
(3) Faculty of Geography, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Visual impairment people require a means of information transfer which different from normal people, it needs to be touched or amplified by audio, including maps that apprise them of the objects and events occurring on Earth. Cartographic Sciences have developed tactile maps that offers touchable symbols for supporting blind and partially sighted people in recognizing the spatial distribution of geographical phenomena and their intercorrelation. Creating an informative tactile maps need a specific design of symbol, ancillary information, and map reproduction that meets the need and the capacity of its users. Unfortunately, there has been no international standardization for these map features that could be used as a foundation to build a standardization for our national tactile map. Therefore, this research adopted and modified the designs of tactile symbols published by the National Mapping Council of Australia, the Guidelines for Design of Tactile Graphics by American Printing House, the use of tactile variables by Vasconcellos, the Specifications of Topographic Elements Mapping by Bakosurtanal, and the application of visual variables of Bertin for cartographic mapping. The resultant symbol designs from the modification were applied to develop the tactile maps of Yogyakarta City on swell paper. Then, through interviews with map users (visually impaired people in the city), we evaluated these symbols from two aspects, comprehension of tactile variables and the types of the tactile maps required.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Akhmadi, I.M. (2006) Public Sign Fasilitas Umum Transjakarta untuk Kaum Tunanetra. Bachelor Thesis. Faculty of Fine Arts. Jakarta Institute of Arts.
American Printing House for the Blind (APH) (1997) Guidelines for Design of Tactile Graphics.
Bakosurtanal (2003) Indonesian Topographic Map Symbol Standard.
Clark, J. & Clark, D. (1994) Creating Tactile Maps for the Blind Using a GIS. Retrieved from http://trs-new.jpl.nasa.gov/dspace/bitstrean/2014/32438/1/94-0177.pdf
Coleridge, P. (1997) Pembebasan dan Pembangunan. Pustaka Pelajar. Yogyakarta.
Dinar, S., Rowell, J., & McCullum, D. (2005) The Uniqueness of Symbol Profile as a Design Variable in Tactile Cartography. The 22nd International Cartographic Conference. A Coruna.
Edman, Polly K. (1992). Tactile Graphic. American Foundation for the Blind. New York.
Fleming, L.J. (1986) Scale Variation in Tactile Maps: Implications for Improved Mobility. Simon Fraser University. Vancouver.
Golledge, R.G., Loomis, J.M., & Klatzky, R.L. (1997) A New Direction for Applied Geography. The University of California Transportation Center. University of California-Berkeley. Applied Geographical Studies Vol 1, no 3, pp I51-168 UCTC No. 472.
Griffin, A.L. (2001) Feeling It Out: The Use of Haptic Visualization for Exploratory Geographic Analysis. Cartographic Perspectives. Nomor 39 (Spring 2001) pp. 12-29.
Gruningen, V.S.. (1979) Tactile Orientation/Mobility Maps Production and Testing. The Ohio State University, Battelle Laboratories: Columbus, OH.
Golledge, R.G; Loomis, J.M., Klatzky, R.L., Flury, A., and Yang, X.L. (1991) Designing a personal guidance system to aid navigation without sight: Progress on the GIS component. International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5(4), 373-395.
Jacobson, R.D. (2007) The Future of Tactile Cartofraphy: From Static Raised Lines to Multimodal Dynamic Portable Computer Interfaces. Proceedings of the XXIII International Cartographic Conference. August 4-10, 2017. Moscow.
Jehoel, S., Ungar, S., McCallum, D., & Rowell. (2005) An Evaluation of Substrates for Tactile Maps and Diagrams: Scanning Speed and User Preferences. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, vol: 99, pp. 85-95.
Kitchin, R. and Jacobson, R.D. (1997) Techniques to collect and analyze the cognitive map knowledge of persons with visual impairment or blindness: issues of validity. Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness, 91 (4). pp. 360-376. ISSN 0145-482X
Loben, A., Fickas, S., Lawrence, M., Yao, X. (2007) Tactile Mapping Software for Blind and Low Vision Science Education. Presented at: the NSF-HRD Joint Annual Metting. Washington DC.
National Mapping Council of Australia. (1985) A National Specification for Tactile and Low Vision Town Maps. Canberra. Australia.
Ogrosky, C.E. n.d. Current Research in Tactual Cartography. Rutgers University.
Perkins, C. (2002) Tactile Mapping Quality: The Manchester Experience. School of Geography. University of Manchaster.
Pradopo, S. (1977) Pendidikan Anak-Anak Tuna Netra. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Jakarta.
RNIB National Centre for Tactile Diagrams. n.d. Making Tactile Graphics. Retrieved from http://www.nctd.org.uk/MakingTG/swell.asp
Zhao, Z., Haiyan, L., Shaomei, L., & Jihua, X. n.d. Modern Cartographic Language. Department of Cartography. Institute of Surveying and Mapping. Zhengzhou. China.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.41960
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 5036 | views : 3384Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2019 Indonesian Journal of Geography
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Accredited Journal, Based on Decree of the Minister of Research, Technology and Higher Education, Republic of Indonesia Number 225/E/KPT/2022, Vol 54 No 1 the Year 2022 - Vol 58 No 2 the Year 2026 (accreditation certificate download)
ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print)
IJG STATISTIC