The Role of Social Bricoleurs in Crafting Civil Solidarity during the COVID-19 Pandemic

https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.63197

Ivy Pricilia Gabriela Londa(1*), Karina Dwita Shafira(2)

(1) University of Warwick
(2) Institut Teknologi Bandung
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


The impact of the COVID 19 Pandemic has arguably been inflicted largely in the economic sector than in the health sector. People are suffering every day with millions losing jobs and fall into poverty especially in developing countries. While each government is saving the world from the global recession, the need for local lifeboat initiatives is imperative to contribute to the local economy. If not assisting the country from the severe national recession, it helps vulnerable groups and individuals to survive the global recession. The social bricoleur is a type of social enterprise characterized by its self-governing nature to venture opportunities using the readily available resources based on their tacit position in the social fabric. The research is investigating how solidarity in response to COVID-19 can be enabled by engineering ecosystem orchestration and management through social bricoleur initiatives. The study was conducted with an exploratory single case study to gain insights on how social bricoleurs play a part in addressing social gaps, using the Bagirata platform who operates in response to the COVID-19 economy as a collective effort of wealth redistribution. This middle-class society is the largest in numbers for major cities in Indonesia where the social wealth is the weakest and the population density is the highest, therefore might result in a more fractious society and prone to more social conflict. This class of society also indicates potentials for development programs, rather than the cash-transfer programs that the government has taken such measure recently. No solution fits all, the solidarity calls are inclined to create as many as solutions possible we could create with our resources.


Keywords


open innovation; social bricoleurs; solidarity orchestration; social value co-creation; innovation management

Full Text:

PDF


References

Books

Chesbrough, H. (2003). Open Innovation : The New Imperative for Creating and Profiting from Technology. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.

Kübler-Ross, E. (1997). On Death and Dying. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Book. Retrieved from https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/On_Death_and_Dying.html?id=H-YeAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

Parsons, T. (1971). The system of modern societies. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press.

Von, E. A. (1988). Sources of Innovation. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2877276

Report

Consumer Business. (2015). Deloitte Consumer Insights Capturing Indonesias latent markets.

Deloitte. (2020). Combating COVID-19 with an agile change management approach.

OECD. (2017). OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: Norway 2017. Norway: OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264277960-en

Suryahadi, A., Al, R., & Suryadarma, I. D. (2020). The Impact of COVID-19 Outbreak on Poverty: An Estimation for Indonesia. Retrieved from www.smeru.or.id.

Suryahadi, A., & Sumarto, S. (2001). The Chronic Poor, the Transient Poor, and the Vulnerable in Indonesia Before and After the Crisis.

World Bank. (2019). Aspiring Indonesia—Expanding the Middle Class. Washington, DC. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33237

World Health Organization. (2020). Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19., (March), 1–3.

Thesis/Dissertation

Londa, I. (2019). Enabling Social Enterprises in Indonesia (Unpublished master's dissertation). University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.

Journal Article (retrieved online, with DOI)

Aghion, P., & Akcigit, U. (2018). Innovation and growth from a schumpeterian perspective. Revue dEconomie Politique (Vol. 128). https://doi.org/10.3917/redp.285.0693

Almirall, E., & Wareham, J. (2011). Living Labs: arbiters of mid- and ground-level innovation. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 23(1), 87–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537325.2011.537110

Amoranto, G., Chun, N., & Deolalikar, A. (2010). Who are the middle class and what values do they hold? Evidence from the world values survey. ADB Economics Working Paper Series, 229, 1–29. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1743180

Askary, P., & Fallah, F. (2020). The Right to International Solidarity and Humanitarian Assistance in the Era of covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies, 11(2), 193–203. https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-bja10018

Bane, M., & Ellwood, D. (1986). Slipping Into and Out Of Poverty: The Dynamics of Spells. Journal of Human Resources, 21, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.2307/145955

Barro, R., Ursúa, J., & Weng, J. (2020). The Coronavirus and the Great Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from the Spanish Flufor the Coronaviruss Potential Effects on Mortality and Economic Activity. Cambridge, MA. https://doi.org/10.3386/w26866

Caldwell, N., Roehrich, J., & George, G. (2017). Social Value Creation and Relational Coordination in Public-Private Collaborations. Journal of Management Studies, 54(6), 906–928. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12268

Chesbrough, H. (2020). To recover faster from Covid-19, open up: Managerial implications from an open innovation perspective. Industrial Marketing Management, 88, 410–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2020.04.010

Curley, M., & Formica, P. (2013). The Experimental Nature of New Venture Creation Capitalizing on Open Innovation 2.0. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00179-1

Curley, M., & Salmelin, B. (2013). Open Innovation 2.0: A New Paradigm. OISPG White Paper, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/HIS.2008.172

Curley, M., & Salmelin, B. (2018). Open Innovation 2.0. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-62878-3

Domenico, M., & Haugh, H. (2010). Social Bricolage: Theorizing Social Value Creation in Social Enterprises. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00370.x

Hamdani, J., & Wirawan, C. (2012). Open Innovation Implementation to Sustain Indonesian SMEs. Procedia Economics and Finance, 4(Icsmed), 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(12)00337-1

Hartono, A., & Kusumawardhani, R. (2018). Searching Widely or Deeply? the Impact of Open Innovation on Innovation and Innovation Performance Among Indonesian Manufacturing Firms. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 33(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.29218

Hatchett, R. J., Mecher, C. E., & Lipsitch, M. (2007). Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(18), 7582 LP – 7587. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0610941104

Jalan, J., & Ravallion, M. (2007). Is Transient Poverty Different? Evidence for Rural China. The Journal of Development Studies, 36, 82–99. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380008422655

Korsgaard, S., & Anderson, A. (2011). Enacting entrepreneurship as social value creation. International Small Business Journal - INT SMALL BUS J, 29(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242610391936

Kuckertz, A., Brändle, L., Gaudig, A., Hinderer, S., Morales Reyes, C. A., Prochotta, A., … Berger, E. S. C. (2020). Startups in times of crisis – A rapid response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Business Venturing Insights, 13, e00169–e00169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbvi.2020.e00169

Lipset, S. M. (1959). Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy. The American Political Science Review, 53(1), 69–105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731

Markel, H., Lipman, H. B., Navarro, J. A., Sloan, A., Michalsen, J. R., Stern, A. M., & Cetron, M. S. (2007). Nonpharmaceutical interventions implemented by US cities during the 1918-1919 influenza pandemic. Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(6), 644–654. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.6.644

Munshi, N. V. (2010). Value Creation, Social Innovation, and Entrepreneurship in Global Economies. Journal of Asia-Pacific Business, 11(3), 160–165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10599231.2010.500569

Nurshafira, T., & Alvian, R. A. (2018). Political-Economy of Social Entrepreneurship in Indonesia: A Polanyian Approach. Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, 22(2), 2502–7883. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.27942

Ratten, V. (2020). Coronavirus (covid-19) and social value co-creation. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, ahead-of-p. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSSP-06-2020-0237

Simarmata, N., Wahyu Yuniarti, K., Riyono, B., Patria, B., Saklofske, D. H., Ismail, R., & Lahlou, S. (2020). Gotong Royong in Indonesian History Gotong Royong in Indonesian History. Digital Press Social Sciences and Humanities, 5, 6. https://doi.org/10.29037/digitalpress.45341

Smith, B. R., Barr, T. F., Barbosa, S. D., & Kickul, J. R. (2008). SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A GROUNDED LEARNING APPROACH TO SOCIAL VALUE CREATION. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 16(04), 339–362. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218495808000235

Weber, M. (2007). The Concept of Solidarity in the Study of World Politics: Towards a Critical Theoretic Understanding. Review of International Studies, 33(4), 693–713. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/20097967

Zahra, S. A., Gedajlovic, E., Neubaum, D. O., & Shulman, J. M. (2009). A typology of social entrepreneurs: Motives, search processes and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(5), 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.04.007

Journal Article (retrieved online, without DOI or page numbers)

Ceylan, R., & Ozkan, B. (2020). The economic effects of epidemics: From SARS and MERS to COVID-19, 1, 21–29.

Hayek, F. A. (1945). The Use of Knowledge in Society. The American Economic Review (Vol. 35). Retrieved from http://static.stevereads.com/papers_to_read/the_use_of_knowledge_in_society.pdf

Weick, K. E. (1993). The collapse of sensemaking in organizations: The Mann Gulch disaster. Administrative Science Quarterly, 38, 628–652. Retrieved from http://www.cs.unibo.it/~ruffino/Letture TDPC/K. Weick - The collapse of sensemaking.pdf

Newspaper Article

Akhlas, W. (2020a, July 2). Indonesia now upper middle-income country, World Bank says - Business - The Jakarta Post. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/07/02/indonesia-now-upper-middle-income-country-world-bank-says.html

Akhlas, W. (2020b, August 5). Indonesia’s GDP contracts deeper than expected at 5.32% in Q2 - Business - The Jakarta Post. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/08/05/indonesias-gdp-contracts-deeper-than-expected-at-5-32-in-q2.html

CNN Indonesia. (2020, May 1). Bukan 2 Juta, Kadin Sebut Korban PHK Akibat Corona 15 Juta. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from https://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20200501181726-92-499298/bukan-2-juta-kadin-sebut-korban-phk-akibat-corona-15-juta

Da Costa, A., & Lamb, K. (2020, December 30). Indonesia bans hardline Islamic Defender’s Front group. Reuters. Retrieved from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-security-idUSKBN2940FM

Fasli, Z. (2018, August 20). Menteri Mangkir, Rapat Kosultasi RUU Kewirausahaan Nasional Ditunda - LIPUTAN.CO.ID. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://liputan.co.id/2018/08/menteri-mangkir-rapat-kosultasi-ruu-kewirausahaan-nasional-ditunda/

Firdaus, I. (2021, February 3). Dugaan Korupsi Bansos Sudah Dirancang Pejabat Kemensos dan Politikus PDIP Sebelum Pandemi. Kompas. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.tv/article/143658/dugaan-korupsi-bansos-sudah-dirancang-pejabat-kemensos-dan-politikus-pdip-sebelum-pandemi?page=2

Gorbiano, I. (2020a, May 19). COVID-19 crisis exposes holes in social aid disbursement - National - The Jakarta Post. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/19/covid-19-crisis-exposes-holes-in-social-aid-disbursement.html

Gorbiano, I. (2020b, May 28). Cash aid disbursement fails to meet Idul Fitri target - National - The Jakarta Post. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/28/cash-aid-disbursement-fails-to-meet-idul-fitri-target.html

IDNFinancials. (2020, September 2). Recession inevitable, says Sri Mulyani . Retrieved October 24, 2020, from https://www.idnfinancials.com/news/35957/recession-inevitable-sri-mulyani

Ihsanuddin, I. (2020, August 26). Ada 7 Bantuan Pemerintah Selama Pandemi Covid-19, Berikut Riciannya. Kompas.Com. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/08/26/09222471/ada-7-bantuan-pemerintah-selama-pandemi-covid-19-berikut-rinciannya?page=all

Jiao, C., & Sihombing, G. (2021, February 18). Bank Indonesia Cuts Rates and Outlook as the Recovery Stalls - Bloomberg. Bloomberg. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-18/bank-indonesia-delivers-rate-cut-as-economic-recovery-stalls

Lingga, V. (2020, October 7). Omnibus law: Biggest ‘big bang’ reform ever - Opinion - The Jakarta Post. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/10/07/omnibus-law-biggest-big-bang-reform-ever.html

Mukarohman, F. (2020, August 9). Aturan Baru, Siapa Saja yang Bisa Mendapat Kartu Prakerja? Kompas.Com. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/08/09/180300865/aturan-baru-siapa-saja-yang-bisa-mendapat-kartu-prakerja-?page=all

Pangastuti, T. (2020, November 23). Indonesia Is Unlikely to Escape Recession: Finance Minister. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesia-is-unlikely-to-escape-recession-finance-minister

Rahman, F. (2020, May 5). Preemployment card draws criticism as workers ‘need cash aid’ - Business - The Jakarta Post. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/05/04/preemployment-card-draws-criticism-as-workers-need-cash-aid.html

Ramadhan, A. (2020, April 17). Kartu Prakerja Dinilai Bukan Solusi Tepat Bagi Pekerja Informal di Tengah Pandemi. Kompas.Com. Retrieved from https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2020/04/17/21095611/kartu-prakerja-dinilai-bukan-solusi-tepat-bagi-pekerja-informal-di-tengah?page=all

Shalihah, F. (2020, July 18). Kasus Infeksi Virus Corona di Thailand Rendah, Apa Penyebabnya? Halaman all - Kompas.com. Kompas.Com. Retrieved from https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2020/07/18/100000665/kasus-infeksi-virus-corona-di-thailand-rendah-apa-penyebabnya-?page=all

Sutiawan, I. (2020, February 13). Omnibus Law, Serikat Pekerja: Pemerintah Tak Transparan | Ekonomi. Gatra.Com. Retrieved from https://www.gatra.com/detail/news/469057/ekonomi/omnibus-law-serikat-pekerja-pemerintah-tak-transparan

Tri, R. (2020, September 11). PSBB Jakarta Jilid II, Peneliti Sebut Ekonomi Akan Kembali Minus - Bisnis Tempo.co. Tempo.Co. Retrieved from https://bisnis.tempo.co/read/1385115/psbb-jakarta-jilid-ii-peneliti-sebut-ekonomi-akan-kembali-minus

Utama, A. (2020, August 9). Covid-19 dan gerakan berbagi penghasilan saat pandemi, “jangan anggap pemerintah penolong yang utama” - BBC News Indonesia. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/indonesia-53696060

Voi Editorial Team. (2020, December 12). Sandiaga Uno Becomes Minister Of Tourism And Creative Economy, Minister Of Health Terawan Is Removed. VOI. Retrieved from https://voi.id/en/berita/23952/sandiaga-uno-jadi-menteri-pariwisata-dan-ekonomi-kreatif-menkes-terawan-dicopot

Xie, J. (2020, May 6). After COVID-19, China’s Global Stature on the Line . Voice of America . Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/covid-19-pandemic/after-covid-19-chinas-global-stature-line

Audiovisual media (videos, music recordings, podcast, etc.)

MetroTV. (2020, September 7). Bagirata, Platform Patungan Bantu Pekerja Terdampak Covid-19 - www.metrotvnews.com. Retrieved from https://www.metrotvnews.com/play/Ky6CmBYX-bagirata-platform-patungan-bantu-pekerja-terdampak-covid-19

Electronic source

Akbar, I., & Arisaktiwardhana, D. (2019). Indonesia’s quest for innovations requires more funding from private sectors. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from https://theconversation.com/indonesias-quest-for-innovations-requires-more-funding-from-private-sectors-113951

Aldin, U. (2020). Investor Global Kritik Omnibus Law - Keuangan Katadata.co.id. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://katadata.co.id/safrezifitra/finansial/5f7c3b1742c85/investor-global-kritik-omnibus-law

Bayram, A. S. (2013). How Co-Creation Impacted businesses. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://ahmadsb.com/how-co-creation-impacted-businesses/

BPS. (2019). Berapa Rata-Rata Gaji Pekerja di Indonesia? | Databoks. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2019/11/06/berapa-rata-rata-gaji-pekerja-di-indonesia

British Council. (2017). Active Citizens. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/active_citizens_global_toolkit_2017-18.pdf

Dalton, R. (2017). Is citizen participation actually good for democracy? . Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www.democraticaudit.com/2017/08/22/is-citizen-participation-actually-good-for-democracy/

DPR, P. K. (2018). Menteri Tak Hadir, Rapat Konsultasi RUU Kewirausahaan Nasional Ditunda. Retrieved from http://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/21741/t/Menteri+Tak+Hadir%2C+Rapat+Kosultasi+RUU+Kewirausahaan+Nasional+Ditunda

Embassy of The Republic of Indonesia in Brussels, B. (2020). POLICIES BY THE INDONESIAN GOVERNMENT RELATED TO THE CORONAVIRUS (COVID-19) PANDEMIC. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://kemlu.go.id/brussels/en/news/6349/policies-by-the-indonesian-government-related-to-the-Coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic

Fonteneau, Bénédicte, Leandro, K., & Morais, P. (2020). Social and Solidarity Economy: Building a Common Understanding. (B Fonteneau, N. Neamtan, F. Wanyama, & L. Morais, Eds.) (First edition). Turin: International Training Centre of the International Labour Organization. Retrieved from http://www.socioeco.org/bdf_fiche-document-5048_en.html

Gaztambide-Fernández, R. A. (2020) What is solidarity? During coronavirus and always, it’s more than “we’re all in this together.” Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://theconversation.com/what-is-solidarity-during-coronavirus-and-always-its-more-than-were-all-in-this-together-135002

Indonesia Investments. (n.d.). Krisis Keuangan Asia - Krismon - Sebab & Dampak . Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/budaya/ekonomi/krisis-keuangan-asia/item246

Kariza, A. (2021). Tiga hal penting untuk menyukseskan vaksinasi COVID-19 dari sudut pandang ekonomi perilaku. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://theconversation.com/tiga-hal-penting-untuk-menyukseskan-vaksinasi-covid-19-dari-sudut-pandang-ekonomi-perilaku-154086

Living Labs and Open Innovation. (2016). Shaping Europe’s digital future. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/living-labs-and-open-innovation

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. (2020). Indonesia Successfully Passes The First Un Resolution On Global Solidarity To Overcome Covid 19 | Portal Kementerian Luar Negeri Republik Indonesia. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/1160/view/indonesia-successfully-passes-the-first-un-resolution-on-global-solidarity-to-overcome-covid-19

Mulas, V. (2017). Corporate Innovation 2.0: How companies are creating new products and services to compete in the all-tech age | Private Sector Development. Retrieved December 9, 2018, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/corporate-innovation-20-how-companies-are-creating-new-products-and-services-compete-all-tech-age

Nuky, E. (2020). Inilah Daftar Semua Bantuan Pemerintah untuk Orang Miskin Hingga Pengusaha Kaya. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from https://investor.id/business/inilah-daftar-semua-bantuan-pemerintah-untuk-orang-miskin-hingga-pengusaha-kaya

Pandjaitan, M. (2020). Omnibus Law in Indonesia [Brought to you by IABF] | Asian Legal Business. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://www.legalbusinessonline.com/omnibus-law-indonesia-brought-you-iabf

Pepinsky, T. (2021). COVID-19 and democracy in Indonesia: Short-term stability and long-term threats. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2021/01/26/covid-19-and-democracy-in-indonesia-short-term-stability-and-long-term-threats/

Perthes, V. (2020). The Corona Crisis and International Relations: Open Questions, Tentative Assumptions. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://www.swp-berlin.org/en/publication/the-corona-crisis-and-international-relations-open-questions-tentative-assumptions/

Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating Shared Value. Retrieved December 7, 2018, from https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value

Prakerja. (2020). Kartu Prakerja - Melalui Kartu Prakerja, Pemerintah bantu 5.6 juta pekerja yang terkena dampak langsung dari wabah COVID-19 [Press Release]. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://www.prakerja.go.id/press-release/melalui-kartu-prakerja-pemerintah-bantu-5-6-juta-pekerja-yang-terkena-dampak-langsung-dari-wabah-covid-19

Resilient Society. (2020). Find partners & co-create solutions - Response and recovery for the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://resilientsociety.nl/

Santiago, C. (2020). The COVID New (Ab) Normal: Post-COVID-19 ASEAN and the Centrality of Human Rights . Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://asiasociety.org/policy-institute/covid-new-abnormal-post-covid-19-asean-and-centrality-human-rights

Serajuddin, U., & Hamadeh, N. (2020). New World Bank country classifications by income level: 2020-2021. Retrieved October 25, 2020, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/new-world-bank-country-classifications-income-level-2020-2021

Spier, J. (2020). In Africa, Civil Rights vs. a Heavy-Handed Pandemic Response | Voice of America - English. Voice of America . Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/episode/africa-civil-rights-vs-heavy-handed-pandemic-response-4297591

Unesco Institute for Statistics. (n.d.). How much does your country invest in R&D?. Retrieved October 24, 2020, from http://uis.unesco.org/apps/visualisations/research-and-development-spending/

World101. (2021). Eighteen Ways COVID-19 Is Reshaping the World. Retrieved February 22, 2021, from https://world101.cfr.org/global-era-issues/covid-19/eighteen-ways-covid-19-reshaping-world



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.63197

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 2987 | views : 1457

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats

 

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.