Korupsi Siemens Aktiengesellschaft dalam United Nations-Oil For Food Programme (Un-Offp) di Irak
Sheiffi Puspapertiwi(1*)
(1) Program Pascasarjana Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Corruption, as a nontraditional form of crime, occurred when power is abused to gain certain favours for individuals or parties at the expense of the rest. Siemens Aktiengesellscahft (Siemens AG) bribery case is the biggest company corruption revealed in history, in which the company had been convicted guilty for giving bribes to governments in many countries, from developing to developed countries. In Iraq, Siemens AG was proved guilty for giving bribes to Saddam Hussein regime during its involvement in United Nation Oil for Food Programme (UN-OFFP) in 2000-2002. This research is conducted to understand causing factors of such action by employing qualitative data for further analysis. Research finding shows that corruption in UN-OFFP involving three institutions: Siemens AS, Saddam Hussein regime, and UN, was occurred due to pragmatism in pursuing economic motive which encouraged by accommodative culture and enabled by weak law enforcement.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abdullah, T. (2006) Dictatorship, imperialism, and chaos: Iraq since 1989. Nova Scotia: Fernwood Publishing Ltd..
Arnold, J. R. (2008) Saddam Hussain’s Iraq. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books.
Bribery without Borders [Online image], Tersedia dalam:[Diakses 12 Februari 2012].
Christoff, J. (2004) United Nations: Observations on the Oil for Food Program[Online],United States General Accounting Office.Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 11 November 2011].
Foreign Corrupt Practice Act Reporting Center (2008) Siemens AG Pays USD450 Million to Settle FCPA Bribery Charges[Online], Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 22 Oktober 2011].
Frizsche, D. J. (2005) Business ethics: aglobal and managerial perspective. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.
Gray, C. W. & Kaufmann, D. (1998) Corruption and Development. Finance and Development [Online],3(13) March, pp. 7-10. Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 22 Oktober 2011].
Hooker, J. (2009) Corruption from a cross-cultural perspective. Cross Cultural Management, 16(3), pp. 251-267.
Klitgaard, R. (1997) International Cooperation againts Corruption [Online], Internet Center for Corruption Research. Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 27 Februari 2012].
Nye, J. S. & Keohane, R. (1971) Transnational relations and world politics: An Introduction. International Organization, 25(3) Summer, pp. 329-349.
OECD (2011) Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transaction and Related Documents[Online], Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 25 September 2011].
Office of the Iraq Programme Oil for Food (2003) About the Programme: Oil for Food [Online], Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 28 Februari 2012].
Peters, B. G. (2001) Institutional theory in political science: the new institutionalism. London: Continuum.
Siemens (n.d) Siemens: From Workshop to Global Player (1847 – 2007)[Online], Siemens Archive. Tersedia dalam:[Diakses 11 Januari 2012].
The United States District Court for the District of Columbia (2008) Case 1:08-cr-00367-RJL [Online], Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 26 September 2011].
Transparency International. (2011) Bribe Payers Index 2011 [Online], Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 8 November 2011].
Transparency International. (2013) Country Profile - Germany [Online], Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 5 March 2014].
Volcker, P. A., (2005b) Interim Report [Online], Independent Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme.Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 14 Januari 2012].
Volcker, P. A., (2005c) The Management of United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme, Volume I – The Report of The Committee [Online], Independent Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme. Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 11 November 2011].
Volcker, P. A., Goldstone, R. J. & Pieth, M. (2005a) Briefing Paper: Internal Audit Reports on the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme [Online], Independent Inquiry into the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme. Tersedia dalam: [Diakses 14 Januari 2012].
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.28818
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2410 | views : 7986Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.