Physical Properties Investigations of Natural Rubber Composites Using Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide (CTAB) as Modifier of Local Clay Filler

https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.80712

Abu Hasan(1*), Robert Junaidi(2), Muhammad Yerizam(3), Fatahul Arifin(4)

(1) Applied Magister of Renewable Energy, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, jl. Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar Palembang 30139, Indonesia
(2) Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, jl. Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar Palembang 30139, Indonesia
(3) Applied Magister of Renewable Energy, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, jl. Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar Palembang 30139, Indonesia
(4) Applied Magister of Renewable Energy, Politeknik Negeri Sriwijaya, jl. Srijaya Negara Bukit Besar Palembang 30139, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


Improved absorption of rubber backbone on filler surfaces is necessary to enhance the physical properties of rubber vulcanizate. One of the ways to repair the surface of the filler is through modifying using surfactant. Hence, this study aims to compare the physical properties of natural rubber vulcanizates using clay filler and modified clay with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The processes that were followed to achieve the objectives of this research were the design of rubber formulas, mastication and milling of rubber, and testing of the physical properties of rubber vulcanization. The clay characterization and its modification using FTIR and XRD were also carried out. Characterization using FTIR and XRD showed that there was indeed a clay modification with CTAB. Natural rubber compounds were also analyzed using SEM. The torque on the rheometer for modified clay with CTAB is 12.34 kg-cm higher than for original clay, which is 7.05 kg-cm. Elongation at break and tensile strength for vulcanizate using CTAB-modified clay filler is lower than that using original clay, with 300% modulus and hardness increase. Thus, clay modification using CTAB as a filler has a good effect on the curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber vulcanization compared to only using local clay as a filler.


Keywords


Crosslink Density, Local Clay, Modified Clay, Natural Rubber, Surfactant

Full Text:

PDF


References

Arnnok, P. and Burakham, R., 2014. “Retention of carbamate pesticides by different surfactant-modified sorbents: a comparative study.” J. Braz. Chem. Soc., 25(9), 1720–1729.

ASTM D 2240-15. 2021. Standard Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness.

ASTM D 412-16. 2021. Standard Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers—Tension

Bahl, K., Miyoshi, T., and Jana, S. C., 2014. “Hybrid fillers of lignin and carbon black for lowering of viscoelastic loss in rubber compounds.” Polymer, 55(16), 3825-3835

Belachew, N., and Hinsene, H., 2020. “Preparation of cationic surfactant‑modifed kaolin for enhanced adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution.” Appl Water Sci., 10(38), 1–8.

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry. Chemistry Analytical laboratory, FT-IR sample preparation, KBr pellets/disks (for solid samples), Northern Illinois University, 2007 www.eng.uc.edu/ ~beaucag/Classes/Characterization/IRData/Sample%20preparation%20for%20FT-IR.pdf (Retrieved October 17, 2023)

Hasan, A., Aznury, M., Purnamasari, I., Manawan, M., and Liza, C., 2020. “Curing characteristics and physical properties of natural rubber composites using modified clay filler.” IJTech, 11(4), 830–841.

Hasan, A., Kalsum, L., Yerizam, M., Junaidi, R., Taufik, M., Aznury, M., and Fatria, F., 2019. “Potential of clay in coal mining of Tanjung Enim Area as a filler on rubber compound”. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Volume 1167, 2nd Forum in Research, Science, and Technology 30–31 October 2018, Horizon Ultima Hotel, Palembang, Indonesia

Hasan, A., Rochmadi, R., Sulistyo, H., and Honggokusumo, S., 2017. “Rubber mixing process and its relationship with bound rubber and crosslink density.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 213, 2017 Global Conference on Polymer and Composite Materials (PCM 2017) 23–25 May 2017, Guangzhou, China.

Hasan, A., Rochmadi, R., Sulistyo, H., and Honggokusumo, S., 2013. “Effect of rubber mixing sequence variation upon bound rubber formation and its physical properties.” AJC. 25(9), 5203-5207.

Ikeda, Y., 2014. “Understanding network control by vulcanization for sulfur cross-linked natural rubber (NR).” Chemistry, Manufacture and Applications of Natural Rubber, 2014, 119-134.

Khan, A. M., Shafiq, F., Khan, S. A., Ali, S., Ismail, B., Hakeem, A. S., Rahdar, A., Nazar, M. F., Sayed, M., and Khan, A. R., 2019. “Surface modification of colloidal silica particles using cationic surfactant and resulting adsorption of dyes.” J. Mol. Liq, 274, 673–680.

Ma, X. K., Lee, N. H., Oh, H. J., Kim, J. W., Rhee, C. K., Park, K. S., and Kim, S. J., 2010. Surface modifification and characterization of highly dispersed silica nanoparticles by a cationic surfactant. Colloids Surf A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 358(1-3), 172–176.

Madejova, J., 2003. “Review FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies.” Vib. Spectrosc., 31, 1–10.

Metin, O., Baran Jr., J. R., Quoc, P., and Nguyen, Q. P., 2012. “Adsorption of surface functionalized silica nanoparticles onto mineral surfaces and decane/water interface.” J. Nanopart. Res., 14 (11), 1246–1262.

Morton, M., 1987. Rubber Technology, Chapter 3, Part I and II, 3rd. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York

Ni, X., LI, Z., and Wang, Y., 2018. “Adsorption characteristics of anionic surfactant sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate on the surface of montmorillonite minerals.” Front. Chem., 6 (article 360), 1-10.

Nojavan, A., and Gharbani, P., 2017. “Response surface methodology for optimizing adsorption process parameters of reactive blue 21 onto modified Kaolin.” Adv. environ. Tech., 2, 89–98.

Ogbebor, O. J., Oikiemen, F. E., Ogbeifun, D. E., and Okwo, U. N., 2015 A. “Organomodified kaolin as filler for natural rubber.” CI&CEQ., Q 21(4), 477–484.

Ogbebor, O. J., Oikiemen, F. E., Ogbeifun, D. E., and Okwo, U. N., 2015 B. “Preparation and properties of organokaolin natural rubber latex vulcanizate.” Adv. Mater., 4(4), 75–79.

Omurlu, C., Pham, H., and Nguyen, Q. P., 2016. “Interaction of surface-modifified silica nanoparticles with clay minerals.” Appl. Nanosci., 6, 1167–1173.

Perera, S. J., Egodage, S. M., and Walpalage, S., 2020. “Enhancement of mechanical properties of natural rubber–clay nanocomposites through incorporation of silanated organoclay into natural rubber latex.” e-Polymers, 20, 144–153.

Peter, R. ., Sreelekshmi, R. V., and Menon, A. R. R., 2016. “Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified kaolin as a reinforcing filler for natural rubber.” J. Polym. Environ., 26(1), 39–47.

Peterson, S. C. 2022, “Carbon Black Replacement in Natural Rubber Composites Using Dry-Milled Calcium Carbonate, Soy Protein, and Biochar.” Processes, 10(1), 123

Rittironga, K., Uasoponb, S., Prachayawasinb, P., Euaphantasateb, N., Aiempanakita, K., Ummartyotin, S., 2015. CTAB as a soft template for modified clay as filler in active packaging, Data in Brief, 3, 47-50.

Singh, L.P., Bhattacharyya, S., Mishra, G., and Ahalawat, S, (2011). “Functional role of cationic surfactant to control the nano size of silica powder.” Appl. Nanosci., 1(3), 117–122.

Vieyres, A., Perez-Aparicio, Albouy, P. A., Sanseau, O., Saalwachter, K., Long, D. R., and Sotta, P, 2013. “Sulfur-cured natural rubber elastomer networks: Correlating crosslink density, chain orientation, and mechanical response by combined techniques.” Macromolecules, 46, 889−899.

Zenasni, M. A., Meroufel, B., Merlin, A., and George, B. 2014. “Adsorption of congo red from aqueous solution using CTAB-kaolin from Bechar Algeria.” J. Surf. Eng. Mater. Adv. Technol., 4, 332–341.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.80712

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 1414 | views : 926

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering  (print ISSN 1655-4418; online ISSN 2655-5409) is published by Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada.