Berkala Ilmiah Biologi

Body Morphometrics and Organ Index of Broiler Chicken [Gallus gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)] After Feeding Fermented Coconut Pulp Using Mucor irregularis

hendry saragih — 2025-04-16

Broiler chickens are the most popular livestock commodity due to their high protein content. Improving chicken rearing quality is needed to produce high quality chickens. Feed is one of the determining factors for broiler growth. This research was conducted to study the potential of adding broiler feed with fermented coconut pulp using Mucor irregularis on morphometric development and lymphoid organs (bursa fabricius and lien), pectoralis major muscle growth, and small intestine length. Total 180 male broiler chickens (Gallus gallus gallus) post-hatch (DOC) were separated into 5 groups with 3 replicates and each replicate amounted to 12 chickens. The control group (K) was given basal feed, treatment 1 (P1) and P2 were given non-fermented coconut pulp (1% and 2%), while P3 and P4 were given fermented coconut pulp (1% and 2%), chickens rearing were done until 16 days old (3 days of acclimation). Body morphometry measurements were taken and 3 chickens from each group were dissected to measure muscle organ index, bursa fabricius and lien, and small intestine length. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA with Duncan's test (α = 0.05). The highest increase in chicken body morphometry, organ index of bursa fabricius, lien, pectoralis major muscle, and length of small intestine is owned by P4 group chickens. Based on the results of this study, it can be seen that the addition of fermented coconut pulp in feed has a good impact on the growth of chicken body morphometry, increased weight and index of lymphoid organs (bursa fabricius and lien) and pectoralis major muscle, and lengthening of the small intestine.

Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Twig Extracts of Castanopsis argentea (Blume) A.DC. Against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus

Alifa Amalia — 2025-04-30

Castanopsis argentea is a potential souce of natural antibiotics that has not been studied much. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity and study the content of secondary metabolites from leaves and twigs extract of Castanopsis argentea against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. This study used the paper disk method to see antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activiy was indicated by the formation of a clear zone around the dic paper. Samples were made into three treatments, namely the concentration of 20 mg/ml; 40 mg/ml; and 80 mg/ml. the solvent used was selected based on the level of polarity namely ethyl acetate, 70% ethanol, and aquades. The results of the antibacterial activity test showed that the extract with the most potential to inhibit bacterial growth was ethyl acetate twig extract at a concentration of 80 mg/ml with an average diameter of 6mm for Escherichia coli bacteria and 8.67 mm for Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The compounds identified in the ethyl acetate twig extract are terpenoids, phenolics, and flavonoids. The results of profiling using UV-Vis spectrophotometry showed that the maximum absorption of terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenolics compounds was found in the wavelength range of 300-600 nm. The secondary metabolite compounds contained in the leaf and twig extracts of Castanopsi argentea make this species a potential natural antibacterial.

Antioxidant Activity of Hydrolysate Protein derived from Brown Algae Sargassum sp. In vitro

Tri Rini Nuringtyas — 2025-04-30

Marine algae is a biological source that is rich in bioactive activity. Marine algae is an important source of macronutrients, especially proteins and lipids, as well as micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals along with dietary fiber and other minoritarian constituents such as polyphenols. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant of hydrolysate protein of Sargassum sp. as. The work method was started by collecting Sargassum sp. in the intertidal zone of the South Coast of Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta and then brought to the laboratory for extraction. Protein hydrolysate was obtained by protein extraction using phosphate buffer and triRNA kit. Several buffers was used to optimize the extraction, namely PBS buffer, Tris HCl buffer and plant extraction buffer The protein obtained were evaluated in the SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The isolated protein subjected for the trypsin digestion to obtain the hydrolysate protein then followed by antioxidant assays using DPPH test. Data analysis was carried out using ANOVA statistics for the antioxidant test. Several ratios of trypsin and protein are used to find the optimal ratio to produce protein hydrolysate. From the result it was observed that the best buffer solvent to use was Tris HCl buffer for the isolation of Sargassum sp. This can affect the protein profile of the Sargassum sp protein hydrolysate. by producing higher protein precipitates than other buffer types.

Ecological Study of Mosquito Larvae Breeding Site Anopheles Malaria Vector in Abandoned Ponds Hanura Village

Endah Setyaningrum — 2025-04-30

Malaria is an infectious disease that is common in tropical and sub-tropical climates, making malaria endemic areas. One of the villages in Teluk Pandan District, Pesawaran Regency, Hanura Village is close to an abandoned pond which is a breeding place for malaria vectors which is the cause of malaria cases in Pesawaran. The aim of this research is to determine the relationship between physical and chemical factors and the density of Anopheles larvae and to identify types of aquatic plants and aquatic animals and their influence on the density of Anopheles mosquito larvae. in Hanura Village, Teluk Pandan District. The method used in this research is a survey method and observation of several ecological factors in the breeding places of malaria mosquito vectors. The measurement results showed that physical and chemical factors in DO had a positive correlation with larval density. Biological factors found include chicken stomach moss (Enteromorpha intestinalis), sea turtles (Limnoporus canaliculatus), back swimmers (Notonecta undulata), snakehead fish (Channa striata), water beetles (Tropisternus sp.), and tadpoles (Anura). The higher the population of aquatic plants, the higher the density of mosquito larvae. Meanwhile, the higher the population of aquatic animals, the lower the density of mosquito larvae.

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) ) Mortality on Chili Plants (Capsicum annuum L.) Affected by Cassava Leaf (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) Methanol Extract

O Ruming Pury — 2025-04-30

Chili is a highly popular commodity plant among the public. However, domestic chili productivity often declines due to pest infestations. Whiteflies are one of the pests that can affect chili production yields. Cassava leaves serve as an alternative for producing natural insecticides to combat whitefly infestations. The objective of this study is to determine the phytochemical compounds present, evaluate the effectiveness of cassava leaf methanol extract, and identify the optimal concentration of cassava leaf methanol extract and observation time for the highest whitefly mortality rate on chili plants. This research is a factorial experimental study with two factors using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The first factor is the concentration of cassava leaf methanol extract (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%), along with a negative control (distilled water) and a positive control (40% methomyl). The second factor is the observation time, which consists of 0.5 hours, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 24 hours after treatment. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS, followed by a Tukey test. Phytochemical tests revealed that the methanol extract of cassava leaves contains flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and cyanide acid (HCN). Probit analysis results showed an LC50 value at a concentration of 32.61%. The Tukey test results indicated that cassava leaf methanol extract had the most significant effect on whitefly mortality at a 40% concentration with a treatment duration of 2 hours.

Phosphate Bioremediation of Detergent Waste and Kinetic Model of SPIROFILTER Based on Spirogyra porticalis (O.F. Mueller) Cleve

Dwi Umi Siswanti — 2025-04-30

Wastewater has become a source of environmental problems caused by the content of chemicals that are harmful to the environment, including detergent waste. Detergent is a cleaning agent that contains surfactants, phosphate compounds, and other additives. Efforts to handle this detergent waste have been carried out communally or on a large scale in a reactor called IPAL (Wastewater Treatment Plant). However, no effective household-scale IPAL prototype has been found to restore wastewater quality to raw water that can be reused. So a prototype IPAL was built called SPIROFILTER which combines the filtration process by zeolite, activated charcoal, and cotton as well as hyperaccumulation by Spirogyra porticalis. This study aims to determine the role of S. porticalis, analyze wastewater quality, analyze the growth of S. porticalis, and determine the reaction kinetics model (PFO or PSO) in the absorption of phosphate in wastewater that has been filtered with SPIROFILTER. The research design was in the form of measuring the growth of S. porticalis and the quality of water before filtration (control), water after the 3rd day, and water after the 5th day. The parameters measured were temperature, pH, salinity, total phosphorus, total ammonia, BOD, COD, number of water germs, and chlorophyll content. This study used a UV-vis spectrophotometer and AAS for water quality testing. SPIROFILTER was an aquarium measuring 40x60x20 cm3 to which 132 mL of detergent was added in 22 liters of water. The results of the study proved that S. porticalis acted as a hyperaccumulator, the quality of water filtered by SPIROFILTER met water quality standards, the growth of S. porticalis remained optimum in detergent waste environmental conditions, the kinetic model of the phosphorus binding reaction from detergent waste used the Pseudo Second Order model in SPIROFILTER.

Keywords: Detergent waste, Reaction kinetics, SPIROFILTER, Spirogyra porticalis, Water quality standards