Keywords
environmental-related trade barrier
environmental standardization
sustainability
Indonesia
palm oil
environmental standardization
sustainability
Indonesia
palm oil
Abstract
Managing environmental standards as a form of environment-related trade barriers has become increasingly important for producing countries that are active participants in global commodity trading. Current international environmental standardization in trade, shows stronger tendency of convergence between sustainability criteria developed by the private sector and government regulations that apply in importing countries. Subsequently, such standards have overtime become guidelines for policy reforms in producing countries. To that end, the increasing role of private actors in pushing for higher environmental standards, has generated new dynamics in production-trade relations, which have overtime become increasingly complex. As a consequence, producing countries, now face multi-layered trade barriers before their products gain access to importing markets.
References
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Buttler, Rhett A. and Lian Pin Koh (2010).” Consumers should help pay the bill for ‘greener’ palm oil.” Mongabay. http://news.mongabay.com/2010/0112-palm_oil.html (August 16, 2011).
Bowyer, Catherine (2010). “Anticipated Indirect Land Use Change Associated with Expanded Use of Biofuels and Bioliquids in the EU – An Analysis of the National Renewable Energy Action Plans.” London: Institute for European Environmental Policy.
Braun, David (2009). “Supports for Sustainable Palm Oil Gains Tractions in China.” National Geographic http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2009/07/14/ palm_oil_statement_of_support/(August 16, 2011).
Cashore, Benjamin, Graeme Auld, Steven Bernstein, and Constance McDermott (2007). “Can Non-state Governance ‘Rachet-Up’ Global Environmental Standards? Lessons from the Forest Sector.” RECIEL 16, no.2: 158-172
Directive 2009/28/EC of the European parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC
Directorate General of Estate Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia (2011).
Center for Policy Dialogue (2009). “Environment-Related Trade Barrier and the WTO”, www.cpd.org.bd/pub_attach/OP77.pdf (August 10, 2011).
Mongabay (2010). “Dutch to use only certified palm oil by 2015,” http://news.mongabay.com/2010/1105-dutch_palm_oil.html (September 3, 2011)
Engle, Stefanie (2004).”Achieving Environmental Goals in a World of Trade and Hidden Action: the Role of Trade Policies and Eco-Labeling,” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 48: 1122-1145
Erixon, Fredrik (2009).”Green Protectionism in the European Union: How Europe’s Biofuels Policy and the Renewable Energy Directive Violate WTO Commitments.” Brussels: European Center for International Political Economy.
Grant, Wyn, Peter Newell, and Duncan Matthews (2000). The Effectiveness of European Union Environmental Policy, New York: St. Martin Press.
IUCN (2010) “Indirect Land Use Change Impacts of Biofuel” (IUCN).http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/ec_iluc_consultation___iucn_submission___29_october_2010.pdf (August 10, 2011).
Businesswire (n.d). “Indonesia: Benchmark for Sustainable Palm Oil in Emerging Markets,” http://www.valuenotes.com/businesswireArticle.php?ac=26937&at=I (August 16, 2011).
Lendle, Andreas (2010). “Sustainability Criteria in the EU Renewable Energy Directive: Consistent with WTO Rules?”International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, September. http://ictsd.org/downloads/2010/10/case_brief_rerewable_energy_dir_v5.pdf (August 16,2011).
United States Department of Agriculture (2011). “Major Vegetable Oils: World Supply and Distribution” http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/psdreport.aspx?hidReportRetrievalName=BVS&hidReportRetrievalID=702&hidReportRetrievalTemplateID=5 (August 6, 2011).
Global Oils and Fats Magazine (2010). “Malaysian Palm Oil Industry Performance,” Global Oils and Fats Magazine, Vol.7, Issue 1, Jan-March. http://
www.americanpalmoil.com/publica-tions/GOFB/GOFB_Vol7_Iss1-pullout1.pdf (August 20, 2011).
Maulia, Erwida (2011). “Indonesia, EU Seek “Ambitious” Free Trade Agreement”.(Jakarta Post, June 15). http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/06/15/indonesia-eu-seek-ambitious-free-trade-agreement.html
Ministry of Agriculture, Republic of Indonesia (2011). Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 19 tahun 2011 tentang Sertifikasi Standar Minyak Sawit Berkelanjutan (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil). March 29, 2011.
Orth, Meri and Adriani Zakaria (2010). “Indian Use of Indonesian Palm Oil,”Aidenvironment Project Number A3004, Amsterdam: Aidenvironment.
Oxley, Alan, Kristen Osborne, and Lisa Marty (2003). “European Unilateralism: Environmental Trade Barriers and the Rising Threat to Prosperity through Trade.” (Australian APEC Study Centre, http://www.apec.org.au/docs/tradebarriers2003.pdf (August 4,2011).
Pehnlet, Gernot and Cristoph Vietze (2011), “European Policies towards Palm Oil: Sorting Out Some Facts.” Jena Economic Research Paper, 2009, www.jenecon.de (August 16.
Picket, Vincent (2009). “EU Directive: Implications for the Palm Oil Industry” (Speech at the International Palm Oil Congress, Kuala Lumpur, August 15.
MVO (2010). “Palm Oil Fact Sheet,”. http://www.mvo.nl/Kernactiviteiten/MarktonderzoekenStatistiek/Factsheets/FactsheetPalmOil2010/tabid/2301/language/en-US/Default.aspx (August 15, 2011).
Rifin, Amzul. (2010). “Export Competitiveness of Indonesian Palm Oil Product,” Trends in Agricultural Economics 3, no.1: 1-18
Jakarta Post. (2011). “RI Should Speed Up FTA Talks with India: Gapki”. (22 February). http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/02/22/ri-should-speed-fta-talks-with-india-gapki.html (September 6, 2011)
RSPO, (2011). “RSPO Applies for Recognition as a Voluntary Scheme under EU Renewable Energy Directive Requirements,” (http://www.rspo.org/?q=content/rspo-applies-recogni-
tion-voluntary-scheme-under-eu-re-newable-energy-directive-require-ments (14 August 2011).
RSPO European Union, (2011). “RSPO Trademark: Next Phase in Transformation to Sustainable Palm Oil,” http://www.rspo.org/?q=content/rspo-trademark-next-phase-transformation-sustainable-palm-oil (August 21, 2011)
Schouten, Greetje and Pieter Glasbergen, (2011). “Creating Legitimacy in Global Private Governance: The Case of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil,” Ecological Economics 6,
doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.012
Slette, Jonn P, and Ibnu E Wiyono, (2010),”Indonesia Biofuels Annual 2010,” GAIN Report Number ID 1033 (Jakarta: USDA FAS).
Task Force Sustainable Palm Oil, (2010).”Manifesto of the Task Force Sustainable Palm Oil: Initiative to promote the use of RSPO certified palm oil in the Netherlands” (Taskforceduurzamepalmolie) http://www.taskforceduurzamepalmolie.nl/Portals/4/download/Manifesto_Task_Force_Sustainable_Palm_Oil.pdf (September 6, 2011).
Taylor, Michael, (2011).”Refiners, Down-stream Business Gets Boost from Tax Changes,” Reuters, 26 August. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/26/indonesia- palmoil- tax-
idUSL4E7JQ13320110826 (August 30, 2011).
Teoh, Cheng Hai (n.d). “Key Sustainability Is-sue in the Palm Oil Sector.” (International Finance Corporation Homepage). http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/agriconsultation.nsf/Attach
mentsByTitle/Discussion+Paper/$FILE/Discussion+Paper_FINAL.pdf (August 17, 2011).
USDA FAS (2010). “Indonesia: Raising Global Demand Fuels Oil Palm Expansion.” http://www.pecad.fas.usda.gov/highlights/2010/10/Indonesia/ (Au-gust 12,2011).
USDA FAS (2007). “Oilseeds Market and Trade Circular” (December), http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2007/December/oilseeds.pdf (Au-gust 17, 2011).
USDA FAS (2011). “Oilseeds Market and Trade Circular” (August). http://www.fas.usda.gov/oilseeds/circular/2011/Aug/oilseeds.pdf (August 12, 2011).