Keywords
fuelwood, improved cookstove, mirt stove, result based financing, women empowerment
How to Cite
Belachew, A. (2025). Contribution of Mirt Stove Adoption on Women Empowerment and Fuelwood Saving through a Results-based Financing Mechanism. Journal of Social Development Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jsds.20299
Abstract
This study investigates the contribution of the Mirt Improved Cookstove (ICS) on women's empowerment in Gedeb Asassa woreda, focusing on the role of RBF in promoting sustainable cooking technologies. Data from household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews were analyzed using STATA version 18. The findings demonstrate significant improvements in women's human, financial, social, physical, and natural assets due to ICS adoption. The Mirt stove reduced women's workload, improved health by offering a safer cooking environment, and enhanced economic stability by lowering cooking time and fuel costs. The stove also contributed to environmental sustainability by reducing fuelwood consumption, helping mitigate deforestation. Additionally, the Mirt stove allowed women more time for income-generating activities, improving household income and resource allocation. Factors such as family size, farm land size, proximity to forests, and fuel expenditure were key in influencing ICS adoption. The study underscores the importance of coordinated efforts between government bodies, stakeholders, and local communities to optimize ICS technology dissemination, further empowering women. The Mirt stove serves as a model for future sustainable development initiatives aimed at improving both women's well-being and environmental conservation.
References
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Belachew, A. (2024). Impacts of results-based financing improved cookstove intervention on households' livelihood: Evidence from Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 158, 103096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103096
Belachew, A., & Melka, Y. (2023). Preferences and adoption of improved cookstove from results-based financing program in Southeastern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1147545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154559
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Gebreegziabher, Z., Mekonnen, A., Kassie, M., & Kohlin, G. (2018). Household Tree Planting in Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia: Tree Species, Purposes, and Determinants. Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series.
Gebremedhin, T., Amsalu, A., & Tsegaye, B. (2021). Fuelwood sourcing and its impact on rural energy consumption in Ethiopia: A case study in the Amhara region. Energy for Sustainable Development, 60, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2020.09.005
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Goldrey, B., et al. (2024). Financing clean energy transitions: Addressing barriers and promoting sustainable development. Renewable Energy, 45(2), 122-138.
Habib, M., Ejaz, L., & Alvi, G. F. (2024). Empowering Women’s Educational Journeys: Navigating Challenges in Pursuit of Higher Education in Dera Ghazi Khan. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 5(3), 19-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2024(5-III)03
Jagoe, K., Rossanese, M., Charron, D., Rouse, J., Waweru, F., Waruguru, M., ... & Ipe, J. (2020). Sharing the burden: Shifts in family time use, agency and gender dynamics after introduction of new cookstoves in rural Kenya. Energy Research & Social Science, 64, 101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101413
Karber, K. M. (2018). Theory of Change for Off-Grid Solar Uptake in Emerging Economies: A Means to Identify Drivers and Barriers, and Develop Appropriate Interventions (Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder).
Kassa, A., Tadesse, A., & Assefa, M. (2023). The role of natural forests in rural household energy consumption in East Africa: A review of trends and challenges. Renewable Energy, 191, 1184-1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.030
Krishnapriya, P. P., Chandrasekaran, M., Jeuland, M., & Pattanayak, S. K. (2021). Do improved cookstoves save time and improve gender outcomes? Evidence from six developing countries. Energy Economics, 102, 105456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105456
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Pattanayak, S. K., Jeuland, M., Lewis, J. J., Usmani, F., Brooks, N., Bhojvaid, V., ... & Ramanathan, V. (2019). Experimental evidence on promotion of electric and improved biomass cookstoves. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 116(27), 13282-13287. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808827116
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Stritzke, S., Sakyi-Nyarko, C., Bisaga, I., Bricknell, M., Leary, J., & Brown, E. (2021). Results-based financing (RBF) for modern energy cooking solutions: An effective driver for innovation and scale?. Energies, 14(15), 4559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154559
Tadesse, A., Wossen, T., & Dagne, T. (2022). Biomass energy use and household energy consumption in rural East Africa: A review of the literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111321
Tadesse, A., Wossen, T., & Kassa, A. (2022). Impact of improved cookstoves on household energy consumption and socio-economic outcomes in rural Ethiopia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 154, 111754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.111754
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Adugna, T., Bekele, T., & Yilma, Z. (2021). The empowerment effects of clean cookstoves on rural women’s decision-making in Ethiopia. Journal of Gender and Development, 30(2), 302-316.
Alvi, M., Vemireddy, V., Ringler, C., & Tank, N. (2023). Developing a women’s empowerment in energy index: Conceptual framework and empirical evidence. https://hdl.handle.net/10568/137108
Ashagrie, T. A., Asabie, S. G., Alemu, W. M., Tadesse, A. S., Dires, T., & Maru, G. (2024). Perception and barriers to improved charcoal cookstoves adoption in Wereta, Ethiopia. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 3454. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-20938-3
Ayele, T., Dibaba, B., & Muluye, T. (2022). Women's empowerment through clean energy technologies: A case study of improved cookstoves in Ethiopia. International Journal of Sustainable Development, 17(1), 45-56.
Barnes, D. F., & Samad, H. (2018). Measuring the benefits of energy access: A handbook for development practitioners. Inter-American Development Bank.
Belachew, A. (2024). Impacts of results-based financing improved cookstove intervention on households' livelihood: Evidence from Ethiopia. Forest Policy and Economics, 158, 103096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.103096
Belachew, A., & Melka, Y. (2023). Preferences and adoption of improved cookstove from results-based financing program in Southeastern Ethiopia. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1147545. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154559
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Berg, S., Ivarsson, R., & Sellén Stackegård, A. (2024). Clean Cooking in Makueni County: An Exploration of Multi-Stakeholder Interventions Needed for Increased Adoption in Rural Kenya.
Bhattacharya, S. (2025). Gender Dimension of Climate Vulnerability and Energy Transition: A Theoretical Perspective. In The Intersection of Global Energy Politics and Climate Change: A Comprehensive Analysis of Energy Markets and Economics (199-218). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-0535-4_9
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Choragudi, S. (2024). Do all the empowered women promote smokeless kitchens? Investigating rural India. Journal of Cleaner Production, 447, 140903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.140903
Choudhuri, P., & Desai, S. (2020). Gender inequalities and household fuel choice in India. Journal of cleaner production, 265, 121487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121487
City Population. (2022). Gedeb Asasa (Woreda, Ethiopia). Available at: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ethiopia/admin/oromia/ET041706__gedeb_asasa/ (Accessed: 4 March 2025).
Clasen, T., & Smith, K. R. (2019). Let the “A” in WASH stand for air: integrating research and interventions to improve household air pollution (HAP) and water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH) in low-income settings. Environmental health perspectives, 127(2), 025001.
Coldrey, O., Lant, P., Ashworth, P., LaRocco, P., & Eibs Singer, C. (2024). Reforming climate and development finance for clean cooking. Energies, 17(15), 3720. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17153720
Derebe, B., Alemu, A., & Asfaw, Z. (2025). Fuelwood dependence and alternative energy sources in Ethiopia: a systematic review. Discover Sustainability, 6(1), 99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00721-5
Fikru, M., Tadesse, A., & Wubie, A. (2023). Drivers of improved cookstove adoption in rural Ethiopian households: Evidence from a field study. Renewable Energy, 170, 779-787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.032
Gebreegziabher, Z., Amsalu, A., & Belay, A. (2020). Rural energy consumption patterns and the role of biomass in Ethiopia: Evidence from the rural household survey. Energy Policy, 146, 111866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111866
Gebreegziabher, Z., Mekonnen, A., Kassie, M., & Kohlin, G. (2018). Household Tree Planting in Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia: Tree Species, Purposes, and Determinants. Environment for Development Discussion Paper Series.
Gebremedhin, T., Amsalu, A., & Tsegaye, B. (2021). Fuelwood sourcing and its impact on rural energy consumption in Ethiopia: A case study in the Amhara region. Energy for Sustainable Development, 60, 56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2020.09.005
Getnet, L. A., Meku, A. A., Getie, M. Z., & Mebratu, M. M. (2023). Technological Development and Adoption Rates of Injera Baking Stoves: A Review. Advancement of Science and Technology: Materials and Energy, 199-223. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33610-2_11
Gizachew, B. and Tolera, M., 2018. Adoption and kitchen performance test of improved cook stove in the Bale Eco-Region of Ethiopia. Energy for sustainable development, 45, pp.186-189.
GIZ-EnDev. (2020). Improved cookstoves and result-based financing in Ethiopia. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Goldrey, B., et al. (2024). Financing clean energy transitions: Addressing barriers and promoting sustainable development. Renewable Energy, 45(2), 122-138.
Habib, M., Ejaz, L., & Alvi, G. F. (2024). Empowering Women’s Educational Journeys: Navigating Challenges in Pursuit of Higher Education in Dera Ghazi Khan. Journal of Development and Social Sciences, 5(3), 19-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.47205/jdss.2024(5-III)03
Jagoe, K., Rossanese, M., Charron, D., Rouse, J., Waweru, F., Waruguru, M., ... & Ipe, J. (2020). Sharing the burden: Shifts in family time use, agency and gender dynamics after introduction of new cookstoves in rural Kenya. Energy Research & Social Science, 64, 101413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101413
Karber, K. M. (2018). Theory of Change for Off-Grid Solar Uptake in Emerging Economies: A Means to Identify Drivers and Barriers, and Develop Appropriate Interventions (Doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder).
Kassa, A., Tadesse, A., & Assefa, M. (2023). The role of natural forests in rural household energy consumption in East Africa: A review of trends and challenges. Renewable Energy, 191, 1184-1193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.07.030
Krishnapriya, P. P., Chandrasekaran, M., Jeuland, M., & Pattanayak, S. K. (2021). Do improved cookstoves save time and improve gender outcomes? Evidence from six developing countries. Energy Economics, 102, 105456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105456
Leary, J., Menyeh, B., Chapungu, V., & Troncoso, K. (2021). eCooking: challenges and opportunities from a consumer behaviour perspective. Energies, 14(14), 4345. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144345
Lee, Y. J., Husain, Z., & Dutta, M. (2024). Does improved cooking fuel empower women? Evidence from India. Sustainable Development, 32(1), 574–587. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2695
Maya Chandrasekaran (2024).Energy Access, Time Use, and Women’s Empowerment in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Musafili, I., Ayuya, O. I., & Birachi, E. A. (2021). Dynamics of gender preferences for farm investment strategies in Rwanda: A best-worst scaling experiment. British Journal of Environmental Studies, 1(1), 32-43. https://www.al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/bjes/article/view/2595
Musafili, I., Ayuya, O. I., Birachi, E. A., & Ngabitsinze, J. C. (2024). Assessing the effect of women empowerment on labor time allocated to soil and water conservation strategies in northern rwanda. GeoJournal, 89(4), 161. DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-024-11018-5
Nguyen, C. P., & Su, T. D. (2021). The ‘vicious cycle’of energy poverty and productivity: insights from 45 developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(40), 56345-56362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14614-x
Nguyen-Phung, H. T., & Nthenya, N. N. (2024). The causal effect of education on women’s empowerment: evidence from Kenya. Education Economics, 32(2), 210-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/09645292.2023.2202370
Pattanayak, S. K., Jeuland, M., Lewis, J. J., Usmani, F., Brooks, N., Bhojvaid, V., ... & Ramanathan, V. (2019). Experimental evidence on promotion of electric and improved biomass cookstoves. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 116(27), 13282-13287. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1808827116
Rosenthal, J., Quinn, A., Grieshop, A. P., Pillarisetti, A., & Glass, R. I. (2018). Clean cooking and the SDGs: Integrated analytical approaches to guide energy interventions for health and environment goals. Energy for Sustainable Development, 42, 152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. esd.2017.11.003
Stritzke, S., Bricknell, M., Leach, M., Thapa, S., Khalifa, Y., & Brown, E. (2023). Impact financing for clean cooking energy transitions: reviews and prospects. Energies, 16(16), 5992. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16165992
Stritzke, S., Sakyi-Nyarko, C., Bisaga, I., Bricknell, M., Leary, J., & Brown, E. (2021). Results-based financing (RBF) for modern energy cooking solutions: An effective driver for innovation and scale?. Energies, 14(15), 4559. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14154559
Tadesse, A., Wossen, T., & Dagne, T. (2022). Biomass energy use and household energy consumption in rural East Africa: A review of the literature. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 148, 111321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2021.111321
Tadesse, A., Wossen, T., & Kassa, A. (2022). Impact of improved cookstoves on household energy consumption and socio-economic outcomes in rural Ethiopia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 154, 111754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.111754
Tadesse, A., Wossen, T., & Kassa, A. (2023). Factors influencing the adoption of improved cookstoves in rural households of Ethiopia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 158, 112233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112233
Tesfaye, F., Alemayehu, M., & Gebru, A. (2020). Evaluating the adoption of improved cookstoves in Ethiopia: Role of awareness and socio-economic factors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 129, 109924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.109924
Tesfaye, F., Alemayehu, M., & Gebru, A. (2022). The role of social networks in the adoption of improved cookstoves in rural Ethiopia. Energy for Sustainable Development, 66, 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2022.06.005
Tesfaye, M., Teshome, K., & Degu, S. (2022). Gender equality and social empowerment through improved cookstove adoption: Insights from rural Ethiopia. Development in Practice, 42(5), 563-578.
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