Keywords
Corporate social responsibility, Community Engagement, Sustainability, Community development.
How to Cite
ARTHUR, W. K. A. (2025). Community Engagement in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Policy Design and Implementation: A Case Study of Sanzule Community, Ghana and ENI Exploration and Production company Limited. Journal of Social Development Studies, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/jsds.17415
Abstract
This case study explores the role of community engagement in the design and implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policies in Sanzule, Ghana. Focusing on Eni Exploration and Production Limited, the study investigates community involvement, decision-making, and participation in CSR initiatives (Chambers, 1994; Cernea, 1997). Using a case study approach, data were collected through interviews, document analysis, and observations. The study involved 67 participants, including local leaders, company employees, and health professionals. Eni’s CSR initiatives prioritize free, prior, and informed community consultations, aligning with its sustainability values (Eni, 2011). Regular meetings and a community liaison officer overseeing local content help integrate community perspectives into policy development. Eni collaborates with government agencies for needs assessments and implementation, focusing on sectors like health and education (WHO, 2010). The Livelihood Restoration Plan allows beneficiaries flexibility in selecting economic activities. This study underscores the importance of ongoing dialogue and collaboration for effective CSR implementation.
References
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Ahen, F., & Zettinig, P. (2015). Critical perspectives on the multinational enterprise, CSR, and economic development. International Business Review, 24(1), 23-33.
Akpan, U. G. (1999). Extraction and characterization of neem seed oil. In Biotechnology and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Biotechnology Society of Nigeria (pp. 63-66).
Akyeampong, E. (1997). Sexuality and prostitution among the Akan of the Gold Coast, c. 1650-1950. Past & Present, 156, 144-173.
Amaeshi, K. M., Adegbite, E., & Rajwani, T. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in challenging and non-enabling institutional contexts: Do institutional voids matter? Journal of Business Ethics, 134(1), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2548-7
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Bowen, H. R., & Johnson, F. E. (1953). Social responsibility of the businessman. Harper.
Broomhill, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility: Key issues and debates. Don Dunstan Foundation.
Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future—Call for action. Environmental Conservation, 14(4), 291-294.
Bryman, A. (2003). Quantity and quality in social research. Routledge.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
Burger, J. (1997). Oil spills. Rutgers University Press.
Carroll, A. B. (1983). Corporate social responsibility: Will industry respond to cutbacks in social program funding? Vital Speeches of the Day, 49(19), 604-608.
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3), 268-295.
Carroll, A. B. (2008). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social performance (CSP). In Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. Sage.
Ciegis, R., Ramanauskiene, J., & Martinkus, B. (2009). The concept of sustainable development and its use for sustainability scenarios. Engineering Economics, 62(2).
Crane, A., Matten, D., & Spence, L. J. (Eds.). (2016). Corporate social responsibility: Readings and cases in a global context. Routledge.
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Dadiowei, T. E. (2003, July). Women, environmental impact assessment (EIA) and conflict issues in the Niger Delta: A case study of Gbaran oil field communities in Bayelsa State. In National Workshop on Gender, Politics and Power (pp. 28-30).
Darkwah, A. K. (2010). The impact of oil and gas discovery and exploration on communities with emphasis on women. Department of Sociology, University of Ghana.
Eni. (2019). Sustainability brochure. Retrieved from www.eni.com
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, R. E., & Dmytriyev, S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory: Learning from each other. Symphonya Emerging Issues in Management, 1, 7-15.
Friedman, M. (1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times Magazine,September 13.
Frynas, J. G. (2009). Beyond corporate social responsibility: Oil multinationals and social challenges. Cambridge University Press.
Hastie, B. A., Riley III, J. L., Robinson, M. E., Glover, T., Campbell, C. M., Staud, R., & Fillingim, R. B. (2005). Cluster analysis of multiple experimental pain modalities. Pain, 116(3), 227-237.
Holme, R., & Watts, P. (2000). Corporate social responsibility: Making good business sense. WBCSD.
Hopkins, M. (2004). CSR: An issues paper. Working Paper 27, International Labour Office.
Hurtig, A. K., & Sebastián, M. S. (2005). Epidemiology vs. epidemiology: The case of oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(5), 1170-1172.
Idemudia, U. (2007). Corporate partnerships and community development in the Nigerian oil industry. Programme Paper, 2.
Idemudia, U. (2014). Corporate-community engagement strategies in the Nigerian oil industry: Some critical reflections. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(2), 154-162.
Ismail, M. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and its role in community development: An international perspective. Journal of International Social Research, 2(9).
Jamali, D., & Mirshak, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility (CSR): Theory and practice in a developing country context. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 243-262.
Kolk, A., & Extercatte, C. (2005). KPMG international survey of corporate responsibility reporting 2005. KPMG Global Sustainability Services.
Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause.John Wiley & Sons.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research. Pearson Custom.
Majid, M. A., Rahman, I. M. M., Shipar, M. A. H., Uddin, M. H., & Chowdhury, R. (2004). Physico-chemical characterization, antimicrobial activity, and toxicity analysis of Swietenia mahagoni seed oil. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 350-354.
McMichael, A. J., Campbell-Lendrum, D. H., Corvalán, C. F., Ebi, K. L., Githeko, A., Scheraga, J. D., & Woodward, A. (2003). Climate change and human health: Risks and responses. World Health Organization.
Muthuri, J. N., Moon, J., & Idemudia, U. (2012). Corporate innovation and sustainable community development in Africa: An investigation of Shell Oil’s approach. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 10(2), 93–110.
Muthuri, J. N., Moon, J., & Idemudia, U. (2012). Corporate innovation and sustainable community development in developing countries: Exploring the interactive effects. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(4), 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0925-y
O'Rourke, D., & Connolly, S. (2003). Just oil? The distribution of environmental and social impacts of oil production and consumption. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28(1), 587-617.
Omorede, C. K. (2014). Assessment of the impact of oil and gas resource exploration on the environment of selected communities in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 3(2), 79-99.
Picou, J. S., Formichella, C., Marshall, B. K., & Arata, C. (2009). Community impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In Synthesis: Three decades of research on socioeconomic effects related to offshore petroleum development in coastal Alaska (pp. 279-310).
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value: How to reinvent capitalism—and unleash a wave of innovation and growth. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2), 62-77.
Raufflet, E., Cruz, L. B., & Bres, L. (2014). An assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in Mexico and Chile. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(3), 353-368.
San Sebastián, M., Armstrong, B., Cordoba, J. A., & Stephens, C. (2001). Exposures and cancer incidence near oil fields in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(8), 517-522.
Visser, W. (2006). Revisiting Carroll’s CSR pyramid: An African perspective. In Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries (pp. 29-56).
Abe, M., & Ruanglikhitkul, W. (2013). Developments in the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR). In Studies in Trade and Investment 77: From Corporate Social Responsibility to Corporate Sustainability: Moving the Agenda Forward in Asia and the Pacific (p. 10).
Acheampong, T., Ashong, M., & Svanikier, V. C. (2016). An assessment of local content policies in oil and gas producing countries. Journal of World Energy Law & Business, 9(4), 282-302. https://doi.org/10.1093/jwelb/jww025
Acheampong, T., Ashong, M., & Svanikier, V. C. (2016). Oil and gas resources in Ghana: Corporate social responsibility and the emerging legal framework. Extractive Industries and Society, 3(2), 444-453.
Adams, B. (2008). Green development: Environment and sustainability in a developing world. Routledge.
Adomako Ampofo, A. (2006). Intimate bargains: Sex workers and free women negotiate their sexual space. In C. Oppong, M. Y. P. A. Oppong, & I. K. Odotei (Eds.), Sex and gender in an era of AIDS: Ghana at the turn of the millennium (pp. 139-168). Sub-Saharan Publishers.
Ahen, F., & Zettinig, P. (2015). Critical perspectives on strategic CSR: What is sustainable value co-creation orientation? Critical Perspectives on International Business, 11(1), 92-109.
Ahen, F., & Zettinig, P. (2015). Critical perspectives on the multinational enterprise, CSR, and economic development. International Business Review, 24(1), 23-33.
Akpan, U. G. (1999). Extraction and characterization of neem seed oil. In Biotechnology and Sustainable Development in Nigeria: Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference of the Biotechnology Society of Nigeria (pp. 63-66).
Akyeampong, E. (1997). Sexuality and prostitution among the Akan of the Gold Coast, c. 1650-1950. Past & Present, 156, 144-173.
Amaeshi, K. M., Adegbite, E., & Rajwani, T. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in challenging and non-enabling institutional contexts: Do institutional voids matter? Journal of Business Ethics, 134(1), 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2548-7
Amaeshi, K. M., Adi, B. C., Ogbechie, C., & Amao, O. O. (2016). Corporate social responsibility in Nigeria: Western mimicry or indigenous practices? Journal of Corporate Social Responsibility, 22(1), 85-99.
Blanche, M. T., Durrheim, K., & Painter, D. (Eds.). (2006). Research in practice: Applied methods for the social sciences.Juta and Company Ltd.
Blowfield, M., & Frynas, J. G. (2005). Setting new agendas: Critical perspectives on corporate social responsibility in the developing world. International Affairs, 81(3), 499-513.
Blowfield, M., & Murray, A. (2014). Corporate responsibility. Oxford University Press.
Bowen, H. R., & Johnson, F. E. (1953). Social responsibility of the businessman. Harper.
Broomhill, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility: Key issues and debates. Don Dunstan Foundation.
Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future—Call for action. Environmental Conservation, 14(4), 291-294.
Bryman, A. (2003). Quantity and quality in social research. Routledge.
Bryman, A. (2016). Social research methods. Oxford University Press.
Burger, J. (1997). Oil spills. Rutgers University Press.
Carroll, A. B. (1983). Corporate social responsibility: Will industry respond to cutbacks in social program funding? Vital Speeches of the Day, 49(19), 604-608.
Carroll, A. B. (1999). Corporate social responsibility: Evolution of a definitional construct. Business & Society, 38(3), 268-295.
Carroll, A. B. (2008). Corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate social performance (CSP). In Encyclopedia of Business Ethics and Society. Sage.
Ciegis, R., Ramanauskiene, J., & Martinkus, B. (2009). The concept of sustainable development and its use for sustainability scenarios. Engineering Economics, 62(2).
Crane, A., Matten, D., & Spence, L. J. (Eds.). (2016). Corporate social responsibility: Readings and cases in a global context. Routledge.
Crane, A., & Matten, D. (2004). Business ethics: A European perspective: Managing corporate citizenship and sustainability in the age of globalization. Oxford University Press.
Dadiowei, T. E. (2003, July). Women, environmental impact assessment (EIA) and conflict issues in the Niger Delta: A case study of Gbaran oil field communities in Bayelsa State. In National Workshop on Gender, Politics and Power (pp. 28-30).
Darkwah, A. K. (2010). The impact of oil and gas discovery and exploration on communities with emphasis on women. Department of Sociology, University of Ghana.
Eni. (2019). Sustainability brochure. Retrieved from www.eni.com
Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Cambridge University Press.
Freeman, R. E., & Dmytriyev, S. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and stakeholder theory: Learning from each other. Symphonya Emerging Issues in Management, 1, 7-15.
Friedman, M. (1970). The social responsibility of business is to increase its profits. The New York Times Magazine,September 13.
Frynas, J. G. (2009). Beyond corporate social responsibility: Oil multinationals and social challenges. Cambridge University Press.
Hastie, B. A., Riley III, J. L., Robinson, M. E., Glover, T., Campbell, C. M., Staud, R., & Fillingim, R. B. (2005). Cluster analysis of multiple experimental pain modalities. Pain, 116(3), 227-237.
Holme, R., & Watts, P. (2000). Corporate social responsibility: Making good business sense. WBCSD.
Hopkins, M. (2004). CSR: An issues paper. Working Paper 27, International Labour Office.
Hurtig, A. K., & Sebastián, M. S. (2005). Epidemiology vs. epidemiology: The case of oil exploitation in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. International Journal of Epidemiology, 34(5), 1170-1172.
Idemudia, U. (2007). Corporate partnerships and community development in the Nigerian oil industry. Programme Paper, 2.
Idemudia, U. (2014). Corporate-community engagement strategies in the Nigerian oil industry: Some critical reflections. The Extractive Industries and Society, 1(2), 154-162.
Ismail, M. (2009). Corporate social responsibility and its role in community development: An international perspective. Journal of International Social Research, 2(9).
Jamali, D., & Mirshak, R. (2007). Corporate social responsibility (CSR): Theory and practice in a developing country context. Journal of Business Ethics, 72(3), 243-262.
Kolk, A., & Extercatte, C. (2005). KPMG international survey of corporate responsibility reporting 2005. KPMG Global Sustainability Services.
Kotler, P., & Lee, N. (2008). Corporate social responsibility: Doing the most good for your company and your cause.John Wiley & Sons.
Leedy, P. D., & Ormrod, J. E. (2005). Practical research. Pearson Custom.
Majid, M. A., Rahman, I. M. M., Shipar, M. A. H., Uddin, M. H., & Chowdhury, R. (2004). Physico-chemical characterization, antimicrobial activity, and toxicity analysis of Swietenia mahagoni seed oil. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 6(2), 350-354.
McMichael, A. J., Campbell-Lendrum, D. H., Corvalán, C. F., Ebi, K. L., Githeko, A., Scheraga, J. D., & Woodward, A. (2003). Climate change and human health: Risks and responses. World Health Organization.
Muthuri, J. N., Moon, J., & Idemudia, U. (2012). Corporate innovation and sustainable community development in Africa: An investigation of Shell Oil’s approach. Journal of Corporate Citizenship, 10(2), 93–110.
Muthuri, J. N., Moon, J., & Idemudia, U. (2012). Corporate innovation and sustainable community development in developing countries: Exploring the interactive effects. Journal of Business Ethics, 104(4), 457-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-0925-y
O'Rourke, D., & Connolly, S. (2003). Just oil? The distribution of environmental and social impacts of oil production and consumption. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 28(1), 587-617.
Omorede, C. K. (2014). Assessment of the impact of oil and gas resource exploration on the environment of selected communities in Delta State, Nigeria. International Journal of Management, Economics and Social Sciences, 3(2), 79-99.
Picou, J. S., Formichella, C., Marshall, B. K., & Arata, C. (2009). Community impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill. In Synthesis: Three decades of research on socioeconomic effects related to offshore petroleum development in coastal Alaska (pp. 279-310).
Porter, M. E., & Kramer, M. R. (2011). Creating shared value: How to reinvent capitalism—and unleash a wave of innovation and growth. Harvard Business Review, 89(1/2), 62-77.
Raufflet, E., Cruz, L. B., & Bres, L. (2014). An assessment of corporate social responsibility practices in Mexico and Chile. Journal of Business Ethics, 119(3), 353-368.
San Sebastián, M., Armstrong, B., Cordoba, J. A., & Stephens, C. (2001). Exposures and cancer incidence near oil fields in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 58(8), 517-522.
Visser, W. (2006). Revisiting Carroll’s CSR pyramid: An African perspective. In Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries (pp. 29-56).