Abstract
Abstrak
Process tracing semakin populer digunakan dalam menguji atau mengembangkan teori berdasarkan sebab-akibat. Namun apa sebenarnya metode process tracing, dan bagaimana cara menggunakannya dalam penelitian empiris? Artikel ini menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini dengan terlebih dahulu merangkum state-of-the-art metode penelusuran proses, membedakannya dari pendekatan penelitian kualitatif konvensional, dan menunjukkan bagaimana peneliti dapat menerapkan metode ini dalam desain penelitian deduktif dan induktif. Selain itu, artikel kami juga menyajikan landasan ontologis, epistemologis dan aksiologis dari metode process-tracing dan menempatkannya dalam kerangka pemikiran neo-positivis daripada interpretatif. Analisis kami menunjukkan bahwa penelusuran proses menawarkan beberapa keuntungan bagi penelitian berorientasi proses, antara lain: memungkinkannya pengembangan penjelasan kausal lebih meyakinkan, mensistematisasi data ke dalam penjelasan yang terstruktur, dan menilai relevansi teori-teori yang berkembang kedalam realitas sosial secara sistematis dan lebih akurat. Artikel ini merupakan artikel berbahasa Indonesia pertama yang dapat menjadi panduan ringkas, namun komprehensif, bagi mahasiswa ilmu sosial dan ilmu politik untuk memahami dan mengaplikasikan metode process tracing kedalam riset secara efektif.
Kata kunci: process tracing, penelusuran proses, causal mechanism, metodologi
Abstract
Process tracing has gained popularity as a method for testing and developing theories related to cause-and-effect in social reality. However, what exactly is process tracing, and how can it be utilized in empirical research? This article addresses these questions by first summarizing the current state-of-the-art process-tracing methods, distinguishing them from conventional qualitative research approaches, and demonstrating how researchers can apply these methods within deductive and inductive research designs. Additionally, the article discusses the ontological, epistemological, and axiological foundations of process tracing, situating it within a neo-positivist framework rather than an interpretive one. Our analysis suggests that process tracing offers several advantages for process-oriented research: it enables the development of more convincing causal explanations, organizes data into structured narratives, and regularly and accurately evaluates the relevance of theories to social reality. This article serves as the first comprehensive guide in the Bahasa for social and political sciences students, providing them with the understanding and tools necessary to apply the process tracing method in their research effectively.
Keywords: process tracing, causal mechanism, methodology
References
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Falleti, T. G., & Mahoney, J. (2015). The comparative sequential method. In Advances in Comparative-Historical Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316273104.009
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Kuhlmann, J., & ten Brink, T. (2021). Causal mechanisms in the analysis of transnational social policy dynamics: Evidence from the global south. Social Policy and Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12725
Kuhlmann, J., & Nullmeier, F. (2021). A mechanism-based approach to the comparison of national pension systems in Vietnam and Sri Lanka. Social Policy and Administration. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12691
Kühner, S. (2010). Do Party Governments Matter After All? Executive ideology, constitutional structures and their combined effect on welfare state change. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 12(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2010.495507
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Mackenzie, N & Knipe, S. (2006). Research Dilemmas: Paradigms, Methods, and Methodology. Issues in Educational Research, Vol 16
Mahoney, J. (2010). After KKV: The New Methodology of Qualitative Research. In World Politics (Vol. 62, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887109990220
Mahoney, J. (2012). The Logic of Process Tracing Tests in the Social Sciences. Sociological Methods and Research, 41(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124112437709
Mares, I., & Carnes, M. E. (2009). Social policy in developing countries. Annual Review of Political Science, 12. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.12.071207.093504
Mayntz, R. (2004). Mechanisms in the analysis of social macro-phenomena. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 34(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393103262552
McCourt, D. M. (2012). What’s at Stake in the Historical Turn? Theory, Practice and Phronēsis in International Relations. Millennium, 41(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829812445232
Mertens, D.M. (2004). Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity with Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods. Second Edition. California: Sage Publications
Neuman, W.L. (2004). Basics of social science research: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Boston: Pearson Education Inc.
Nullmeier, F & Kuhlmann, J. (2022). “Introduction: A Mechanism-Based Approach to Social Policy Research.” In J. Kuhlmann & F. Nullmeier (eds). Causal Mechanism in the Global Development of Social Policies. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 3-29.
Nudzor, H.P. (200). A critical commentary on combined methods approach to researching educational and social issues. Issues in Educational Research, 19(2).
Oren, I. (2003). Our Enemies and US: America’s Rivalries and the Making of Political Science, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Park, Y. S., Konge, L., &Artino, A. R. (2020). The Positivism Paradigm of Research. Academic Medicine, March 2021, 690–694. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000003093
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