Keywords
migrant family
transnational families
Indonesian migrant workers
How to Cite
Abstract
Abstrak
Migrasi tenaga kerja internasional menyebabkan meningkatnya jumlah keluarga transnasional di Indonesia. Perbedaan geografis dan jangka waktu bermigrasi yang lama membuat keluarga transnasional terlibat dalam berbagai permasalahan dan tekanan psikologis khususnya pada anak-anak yang ditinggalkan. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara mendalam bagaimana upaya pekerja migran Indonesia di Taiwan dalam membangun dan mempertahankan ketahanan keluarga dalam kondisi yang tidak ideal tersebut. Selain itu tulisan ini juga menganalisa lebih dalam bagaimana remitansi membantu terciptanya ketahanan keluarga migran. Metode kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini, data primer didapatkan dengan wawancara mendalam terhadap 10 pekerja migran perempuan Indonesia di Taiwan, 10 anak pekerja migran dan 10 pengasuh mereka di Indramayu, Jawa Barat. Metode snowball sampling digunakan untuk mendapatkan informan di Taiwan dan melalui purposive sampling untuk mengumpulkan informan di Indramayu. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa upaya yang dilakukan dalam membangun ketahanan keluarga migran belum maksimal. Ketahanan ekonomi yang diperkirakan akan tinggi pada pekerja migran ternyata tidak tergambarkan pada penelitian ini sebagai salah satu indikator ketahanan keluarga migran. Lamanya masa migrasi di Taiwan tidak menjamin kuatnya ketahanan ekonomi keluarga migran. Dimensi lain seperti ketahanan psikologis, sosial, dan spiritual juga kurang kokoh sehingga menimbulkan dampak negatif bagi keluarga dan anak-anak yang ditinggalkan.
Kata kunci: ketahanan keluarga, keluarga migran, keluarga transnasional, pekerja migran Indonesia
Abstract
International labor migration has led to a rise in transnational families in Indonesia. Transnational families face numerous challenges and psychological stress, particularly for left-behind children, owing to geographical separation and extended periods of migration. This study aimed to analyze the endeavors of Indonesian migrant workers in Taiwan to establish and sustain family resilience under unfavorable circumstances. In addition, this study aims to further examine how remittances foster resilience among migrant families. The research used qualitative methodologies by conducting in-depth interviews with 10 Indonesian female migrant workers in Taiwan, 10 left-behind children in Indonesia, and 10 caregivers as primary data. The snowball sampling technique was used to recruit participants in Taiwan, and purposive sampling was used for participants in Indonesia. This study determined that the efforts taken to enhance the resilience of migrant families have not been optimal. The economic resilience expected to be high among migrant workers is apparently not reflected in this study as an indicator of the resilience of migrant families. The duration of the migration period in Taiwan does not guarantee the solid economic resilience of migrant families. Additionally, the lack of robustness in other sectors, such as psychological, social, and spiritual resilience, leads to adverse consequences for families and children left behind.
Keywords: family resilience, migrant family, transnational families, Indonesian migrant workers
References
Aminudin, M. (2017, August 7). Banyak jadi Korban Kekerasan Seks, LP3TP2A Ajak Peduli Anak TKI Baca artikel detiknews, “Banyak jadi Korban Kekerasan Seks, LP3TP2A Ajak Peduli Anak TKI” selengkapnya https://news.detik.com/berita-jawa-timur/d-3588524/banyak-jadi-korban-kekerasan-seks-lp3tp2a-ajak-peduli-anak-tki. Download Apps Detikcom Sekarang https://apps.detik.com/detik/. News Detik.
Ayumi, M. M. (2015). Indonesian Labor Migration: Social Costs to The Left-Behinds Children. http://www.smeru.or.id/sites/default/files/events/03_the_social_cost_of_migration_-_meirina_ayumi_0.pdf
Baldassar, L., & Merla, L. (2014). Baldassar, L & Merla, L. (eds, 2014) Transnational Families, Migration and the Circulation of Care: understanding mobility and absence in family life. Routledge Transnationalism Series. May.
Bank Indonesia. (2022). Indonesia Remittances - 2022 Data - 2023 Forecast - 2005-2021 Historical - Chart. https://tradingeconomics.com/indonesia/remittances
BP2MI. (2022). BP2MI | Badan Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. Badan Perlindungan Pekerja Migran Indonesia. https://www.bp2mi.go.id/statistik-penempatan
Bryceson, D. F. (2019). Transnational families negotiating migration and care life cycles across nation-state borders. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 45(16), 3042–3064. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2018.1547017
Cheng, H.-I. (2016). On Migrant Workers’ Social Status in Taiwan: A Critical Analysis of Mainstream News Discourse. International Journal of Communication, 10(0), 20. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3905
Chien, Y. C. (2018). The Struggle for Recognition: The Politics of Migrant Care Worker Policies in Taiwan: Https://Doi.Org/10.1177/0896920518763916, 44(7–8), 1147–1161. https://doi.org/10.1177/0896920518763916
Dwinanda, R. (2017, March 7). Anak-anak TKI di Jawa Barat Rawan Terkena Kekerasan Seksual. Republika.
Farooq, M., & Javed, Z. H. (2009). The Impact of International Migration on Migrants’ Families Left Behind in The Rural Area o Pakistan. Pak.J. Agri.Sci, 46(4), 233–236. http://www.pakjas.com.pk
Garabiles, M. R., Ofreneo, M. A. P., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Towards a model of resilience for transnational families of Filipina domestic workers. PLoS ONE, 12(8), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183703
Gusman, Y., Herdiawanto, H., Qibtiya, M., Syahida, A. A., & Malik, A. (2022). Pemberdayaan Anak Pekerja Migran di Desa Kenanga, Indramayu. Jurnal Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Universitas Al Azhar Indonesia, 5(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.36722/jpm.v5i1.1755
Handayani, R., Utari, E., & Santoso, I. (2018). Ketahanan Keluarga di Kecamatan Pontang Kabupaten Serang Provinsi Banten. Journal of Indonesian Public Administration and Governance Studies (JIPAGS), 2, 412–424.
Hoang, L. A., Lam, T., Yeoh, B. S. A., & Graham, E. (2015). Transnational migration, changing care arrangements and left-behind children’s responses in South-east Asia. Children’s Geographies, 13(3), 263–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2015.972653
Iqbal, M., & Gusman, Y. (2015). Pull and Push Factors of Indonesian Women Migrant Workers from Indramayu (West Java) to Work Abroad. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol 6(No 5), 167–174. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n5s5p167
Kemenkumham. (2022). Kekerasan dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT): Persoalan Privat yang Jadi Persoalan Publik. Ditjen PP Kemenkumham. https://ditjenpp.kemenkumham.go.id/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=647:kekerasan-dalam-rumah-tangga-kdrt-persoalan-privat-yang-jadi-persoalan-publik&catid=101&Itemid=181
Lam, T., Ee, M., Anh, H. L., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2013). Securing a better living environment for left-behind children: Implications and challenges for policies. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 22(3), 421–445. https://doi.org/10.1177/011719681302200306
Lam, T., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2018). Migrant mothers, left-behind fathers: the negotiation of gender subjectivities in Indonesia and the Philippines. Gender, Place & Culture, 25(1), 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1080/0966369X.2016.1249349
Lutfiyyah, S. (2018). Perceraian Di Kalangan Pekerja Migran Wanita [Universitas Islam Negeri Syarif Hidayatullah]. In UIN Syarif Hidayatullah. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269107473_What_is_governance/link/548173090cf22525dcb61443/download%0Ahttp://www.econ.upf.edu/~reynal/Civil wars_12December2010.pdf%0Ahttps://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8282%0Ahttps://www.jstor.org/stable/41857625
MOL Taiwan. (2022). Ministry of Labor Republic of China (Taiwan) - 勞動部全球資訊網英文網. Ministry of Labor Republic of China (Taiwan). https://english.mol.gov.tw/
Parreñas, R. S. (2014). Migrant Domestic Workers as ‘One of the Family.’ Migration and Care Labour, 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137319708_4
Pei, C. L. (2006). Global Cinderellas: Migrant Domestics and Newly Rich Employers in Taiwan (first). Duke University Press.
Rizky, M., Lubis, S., Warda, N., Wahyu, Y. F. M., Hermanus, E., Kusumawardhani, N., Arfyanto, H., Marshan, J., & Toyamah, N. (2017). The Well-Being of Poor Children Left by Their Mothers who Become Migrant Workers: Case Study in Two Kabupaten in Indonesia. In SMERU Research Report. http://www.smeru.or.id/en/content/well-being-poor-children-left-their-mothers-who-become-migrant-workers-case-study-two
Sardjunani, N. (2013). Pembangunan Kesetaraan Gender Background Study RPJMN III (2015-2019). In Bappenas pers.
Sunarti, E. (2015). Ketahanan Keluarga Indonesia: dari Kebijakan dan Penelitian menuju Tindakan. Orasi Ilmiah Guru Besar IPB, 1–67.
Suryaneta, S., & Gusman, Y. (2022). Indonesian Migrant Worker Learning Communities in Taiwan: It is Not Only Online Learning, It is Our Gathering. Ideas: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, Dan Budaya, 8(1), 161. https://doi.org/10.32884/ideas.v8i1.599
Umami, R., & Turnip, S. S. (2019). Emotional and Behavioral Problems among Left-Behind Children in Indonesia. Indian Journal of Psycholofical Medicine, 41(3), 240–245.
VOI. (2022). Eksklusif, Kepala BP2MI Benny Rhamdani: Devisa Negara dari PMI Nomor Dua Setelah Migas . Voice of Indonesia. https://voi.id/interviu/188642/eksklusif-kepala-bp2mi-benny-rhamdani-devisa-negara-dari-pmi-nomor-dua-setelah-migas
Wulandari, P. K. (2017). Inovasi Pemuda Dalam Mendukung Ketahanan Ekonomi Keluarga (Studi Kasus Pada Kampung Warna-Warni Kelurahan Jodipan, Kecamatan Blimbing, Kota Malang). Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 23(3), 300–319. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.28829
Yeoh, B., & Graham, E. (2013). Dampak Migrasi Internasional Terhadap Keluarga dan Anak yang Ditinggalkan: Studi Kasus Indonesia. Universitas Gadjah Mada, 1–30. http://smeru.or.id/sites/default/files/events/05_the_impacts_of_parental_migration_on_health_and_well-being_-_dr_sukamdi_0.pdf