Antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of kapur (Harmsiopanax aculeatus) leaf extracts traditionally used for the treatment of malaria in Maluku
Abstract
Harmsiopanax aculeatus leaf, locally name kapur, has been use traditionally to treat malaria in Maluku, Indonesia. However, the scientific evidences that support its use are still limited. This study aimed to investigate antiplasmodial activity of H. aculeatus leaf extract and its cytotoxicity on cancer cells line. Three extracts i.e. methanolic, n-hexanic and ethyl acetate extracts were evaluated for their in vitro activity against Plasmodium falciparum FCR3 strain using microscopic method. Cytotoxicity of the extracts on T47D, HeLa and Vero cells lines were determined using MTT assay method. The inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) against P. falciparum or the cells lines growth was determined using probit analysis. Furthermore, their selectivity index (SI) were determined. The results showed that the methanolic extract was the most active extract with an IC50value of 13.82 μg/mL and the most selective with a SI value of 172.84. The three extracts tested exhibited weak or no cytotoxicity against the cells lines used with IC50 values ranged 101-2388.69 μg/mL. Further study will be conducted to isolate active antiplasmodial compounds from the methanol extract.
References
World Health Organization. World Malaria Report 2018. 2018
Oktaviani P, Hartono B, Ekasari. Trend of malaria cases in Maluku Province 2012-2016. Indian J Public Health Res Develop 2020; 11(1):1417-24.
https://doi.org/10.37506/vll/ill/2020/ijphrd/194041
Torres REM, Banegas FI, Mendoza M, Diaz C, Becheli STM, Fontecha GA, et al. Efficacy of chloroquine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparummalaria in Honduras. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2130; 88(5):850-4.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.12-0671
WHO. WHO Global Malaria Programme: Status report on artemisinin resistance. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2014. Available from : http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/status_rep_artemisinin_resistance_jan2014.pdf?ua=1. Accessed April 2020.
Aguiar ACC, da Roche EMM, de Souza NB, França TCC, Krettli AU. New approaches in antimalarial drug discovery and development- A review. Mem inst Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 2012; 107(7):831–45.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762012000700001
Turalely R, Susidarti RA, Wijayanti MA. In vivo antiplasmodial of the most active fraction and its compound of kapur leaves (Harmsiopanax aculeatus Harms) extract against Plasmodium berghei. Trop Med J 2011; 01(02):131-40.
https://doi.org/10.22146/tmj.4575
Trager W, Jensen JB. Human malaria parasites in continuous culture. Science 1976; 193(4254):673-5.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.781840
Turalely R, Mustofa, Wijayanti MA, Hertiani T. Activity of anti-plasmodial and cytotoxicity of kapur leaves (Harmsiopanax aculeatus, Harms) potential fraction (FG2, FG3 and FG4) traditionally used to treat malaria in Maluku Indonesia. JKPK 2018; 3(2):46-52.
https://doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v3i2.21068
Jonville MC, Kodja H, Humeau L, Fournel J, Mol P De, Cao M, et al. Screening of medicinal plants from Reunion Island for antimalarial and cytotoxic activity. J Ethnopharmacol 2008; 120(3):382-6.
htpps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2008.09.005
Adia M, Emami S, Byamukama R, Faye I, Borg-Karlson A-K. Antiplasmodial activity and phytochemical analysis of extracts from selected Ugandan medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol 2016; 186:14-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.047
Geran RI, Greenberg NH, MacDonald MM, Schumaker AM, Abbott BJ. Protocols for screening chemical agents and natural products against animal tumors and other biological systems. Cancer Chemother Rep 1972; 3:59-61.
Susanti S, Iwasaki H, Itokazu Y, Nago M, Taira N, Saitoh S, Oku H. Tumor specific cytotoxicity of arctigenin isolated from herbal plant Arctium lappa L. J Nat Med 2012; 66(4):614-21.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-012-0628-0
Prayong P, Barusrux S, Weerapreeyakul N. Cytotoxic activity screening of some indigenous Thai plants. Fitoterapia 2008; 79(7-8):598-601.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2008.06.007
Plazonic A, Bucar F, Males Z, Mornar A, Nigove B, Kujundzic N. Identification and quantification of flavonoids and phenolic acids in burr parsley (Caucalis platycarpos L.), using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Molecules 2009; 14(7):2466-90.
https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14072466
López-lázaro M. Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin. Med Chem 2009; 9(1):31-59.
https://doi.org/10.2174/138955709787001712
Sá C, Oliveira AR, Machado C, Azevedo M, Pereira-Wilson C. Effects on liver lipid metabolism of the naturally occurring dietary flavone luteolin-7-glucoside. Evidence-Based Compl Alter Med 2015; (647832):1-10.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/647832
Ali F, Naz F, Jyoti S, Siddique YH, Ali F, Naz F, et al. Health functionality of apigenin: a review. Int J Food Prop 2017; 20(6):1197–238.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2016.1207188
Singh P, Mishra SK, Noel S, Sharma S, RathSK. Acute exposure of apigenin induces hepatotoxicity in Swiss mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31964.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031964
Wilson T, Singh AP, Vorsa N. Cranberry quersetin-3-galactoside in postprandial human plasma. Int J Food Nutr Sci 2014; 1(1):17-9.
https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-0619.14.008
Raza A, Xu X, Sun H, Tang J, Ouyang Z. Pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetic study of hyperoside: a short review. Trop J Pharm Res 2017; 16(2):483-9.
http://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v.16i2.30
Riaz A, Rasul A, Hussain G, Zahoor MK, Jabeen F, Subhani Z, et al. Astragalin: a bioactive phytochemical with potential therapeutic activities. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2018; 2018:9794625.
https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9794625
Wang Y, Tang C, Zhang H. Hepatoprotective effects of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside from Carthamus tinctorius L. on CCl 4-induced oxidative liver injury in mice. J Food Drug Anal 2015; 23(2):310-7.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2014.10.002
Sacramento CQ, Marttorelli A, Fintelman-Rodrigues N, de Freitas CS, deMelo GR, Rocha MEN, et al. Correction: aureonitol, a fungi-derived tetrahydrofuran, inhibits influenza replicationby targeting its surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin. PLoS ONE, 10(10):1-17.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139236
Linnakoski A, Linnakoski R, Reshamwala D, Veteli P, Cortina-Escribano M. Antiviral agents from fungi: diversity, diversity, mechanisms and potential applications. Front Microbiol 2018; 9(2325):1-18.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02325
Barreto-Bergter E, Pinto MR, Rodrigues M. Structure and biological functions of fungal cerebrosides. An Acad Bra Cien 2004; 76(1):67-84.
http://doi.org/10.1590/S0001-37652004000100007
Aida K, Takakuwai N, Kinoshita M, Sugawara T, Imai H, Ono J, et al. Properties and physiological effects of plant cerebroside species as functional lipids. In: Murata N editor. Advance Research on Plant Lipids. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers 2003, pp. 233-6.
Guo P, Li G, Liu Y, Lu A, Wang Z, Wang Q. Naamines and naamidines as novel agents against a plant virus and phytopathogenic fungi. Mar Drugs 2018; 16(9):311.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md16090311
Tang WZ, Yang ZZ, Sun F, Wang SP, Yang F, Lin HW. Leucanone A and naamine J, glycerol ether lipid and imidazole alkaloid from the marine sponge Leucandra sp. J Asian Nat Prod Res 2017; 19(7):691-6.
