Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Test for Determination of Tannin Characteristics of Oolong Tea Leaf Extract (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze) from Kemuning Tea Plant Karanganyar

Anita Agustina Styawan, Fatikhatun Nissa’ Khairiyah — Wed, 17 Dec 2025 20:25:39 +0700

The oolong tea plant protects the body's cells from the damaging effects of free radicals by acting as an antioxidant. The content of oolong tea leaves contains tannin compounds which have a good effect on the body and the more tannin content in the tea, the greater it is its antioxidant activity. The purpose of this study is to use UV-visible spectrophotometry to ascertain the tannin content of the oolong tea leaf extract from the Kemuning tea plantation. The observational research method is being used. A sample of dried oolong tea leaves is used in this investigation. 1% FeCl₃ was used to assess the sample qualitatively, and UV-Vis spectrophotometry was used to analyze the sample quantitatively. The solvent used was ethanol 96%%. The study's conclusions show that the sample contains tannins, which are qualitatively distinguished by a shift in color to a greenish-black tint. The oolong tea leaf extract has a quantifiable tannin concentration of 12.26% mg TE/g. Indicates that tannins can give a bitter and astringent taste, and can give a pleasant flavor to tea.

Review article: Flavonoid Extraction Method of Parsley Leaf Extract (Petroselinum crispum)

I Made Artadinatha Yogi Maha Putra, Luh Putu Mirah Kusuma Dewi — Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:21:52 +0700

Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenolic compounds known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties. Although widely distributed in plants, parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is highlighted for its high flavonoid content, which is recognized as the dominant class of secondary metabolites compared to other constituents such as essential oils and pigments, making it a strong candidate for pharmaceutical applications. This review aimed to evaluate and compare various extraction methods used to isolate flavonoids from parsley leaves. A systematic literature search was conducted through Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed for articles published between 2014 and 2024 using keywords “flavonoid,” “parsley leaves,” and “extraction method.” Inclusion criteria comprised full-text original articles in English or Indonesian reporting extraction methods and total flavonoid content; reviews and incomplete studies were excluded. Among the methods reviewed, Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) proved most effective. When normalized to 1 g/minute, UAE yielded 0.312 mg/g of total flavonoids, demonstrating higher efficiency in terms of extraction yield and time. UAE utilizes acoustic cavitation to enhance solvent penetration and mass transfer, improving yield while preserving compound integrity. Ethanol was identified as the optimal solvent due to its polarity and compatibility with flavonoid structures. In conclusion, UAE with ethanol presents a promising strategy for efficient flavonoid extraction from parsley in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Bioactive Pigments of Monascus purpureus: Identification and Characterization

Sun, 21 Dec 2025 05:16:56 +0700

Monascus purpureus is a filamentous fungus that has long been recognized as one of the main
producers of natural pigments. These pigments, including yellow (ankaflavin, monascin), orange (rubropunctatin,
monascorubrin), and red (rubropunctamine, monascorubramine), are widely used as natural coloring agents.
Compared to synthetic dyes, Monascus pigments are considered safer and possess additional biological
activities, making them attractive for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries.
Therefore, accurate identification of the pigments in Monascus purpureus is essential to ensure their safety,
functionality, and potential industrial applications. The aim of this research is to determine the results of
pigment identification Monascus purpureus using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, Fourier Transform Infra-Red
(FTIR), Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography (Preparative TLC), and
Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS). The method used is method laboratory experiments.
Samples are tested using several instruments. The extraction results show that the % yield value meets the
requirements, namely >10%, then the fractionation results show that the water fraction gets more thick extract,
the TLC results for the water fraction show a spot height of 4.7 cm with a value of Rf 0.78, the results of
Preparative TLC on the water fraction show the presence of a single fluorescent band at wavelengths of 254 nm
and 366 nm. The UV-Vis spectrophotometry results were identified at a wavelength of 477 nm with an
absorbance of 0.364, then the FTIR results on Preparative TLC scrapings from the water fraction showed the
presence of functional groups from the orange pigment structure and the LC-MS results showed that the sample
was a compound. Monascorubrin (C23H28O5) with a molecular weight of 384.99 g/mol and compound
rubropunctatin (C21H22O5) with a molecular weight of 354.74 g/mol. These results provide information that the
sample is an orange pigment from Monascus purpureus with two compounds monascorubrin and rubropunctatin.

Detection of Mefenamic Acid in Hyperuricemia Herbal Medicine using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:40:37 +0700

The adulteration of herbal medicines with synthetic drugs poses a serious risk to public health. Mefenamic acid, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), is sometimes illicitly added to herbal products marketed for hyperuricemia to enhance their therapeutic effect. This study aims to detect the presence of mefenamic acid in herbal medicines for hyperuricemia using a combination of UV-Vis spectrophotometry and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with chemometric. approaches, specifically Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Partial Least Squares (PLS). The UV-Vis method was validated and showed good linearity with an R² value of 0.999. Accuracy testing revealed recovery rates ranging from 98.75% to 101.92%, while precision testing produced %RSD values between 0.86% and 1.05%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.235 ppm and 0.711 ppm, respectively. FTIR spectral data were processed using OPLS-DA and PLS to classify and predict adulterated samples. The validated OPLS-DA model demonstrated strong classification performance, effectively distinguishing between adulterated and non-adulterated samples. Furthermore, the detection results from UV-Vis, OPLS-DA, and PLS methods were consistent, confirming the reliability of the integrated approach.

The Effect of Maltodextrin Concentration Variations on the Microencapsulation of Probiotics from Manonjaya Salak Fruit Juice (Salacca zalacca (Gaert.) Voss)

Ali Nofriyaldi, Deani Sucia Fakhirah, Mochamad Herdi Nurzaman — Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:48:58 +0700

Probiotic beverages have weaknesses in terms of shelf life related to stability. One way to maintain the stability of probiotic beverages is to encapsulate them into microcapsules using maltodextrin. The objective of this study is to determine the characteristics and effects of varying maltodextrin concentrations F1 (20%), F2 (40%), F3 (60%) on the physical properties of microcapsules from Manonjaya salak fruit (Salacca zalacca) probiotic beverages. This study was conducted experimentally in the production of microcapsules using the freeze-drying method. Data were analyzed descriptively, including organoleptic evaluation, measurement of total lactic acid, pH, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, moisture content, and morphological characterization using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The results of the characteristics of Manonjaya snake fruit juice microencapsulation can be concluded that variations in maltodextrin concentration affect the characteristics of microcapsules where all formulas meet the requirements, except for the results of the water content test between 10–10.33% which does not meet the requirements (≤ 3%). Thus, further research is needed in optimizing the microencapsulation formula of snake fruit juice, such as using a combination of coatings, longer freeze drying optimization time, and evaporation of snake fruit juice.

Nutritional and Microbiological Evaluation of Market-Sourced Ready-to-Eat Snail Meat in Delta, Edo, and Ondo States, Nigeria

Gideon I Ogu, Beatrice O. Ereziwosa — Fri, 19 Dec 2025 12:51:58 +0700

Snail meat is a popular delicacy in Nigeria, cherished for its taste, nutritional composition, and culinary versatility. However, the safety and quality of ready-to-eat snail meat (RTESM) have not been extensively studied. This research aimed to evaluate the chemical and microbiological quality of ready-to-eat snail meat in three southern Nigerian states: Delta, Edo, and Ondo. A total of 60 samples were collected from open markets in these regions and analyzed for proximate, trace metals and microbiological properties using standard techniques. The proximate analysis revealed non-significant (p˂0.05) variations in moisture, fat, protein, ash, crude fiber, and carbohydrate contents among the samples from different locations. Akure and Benin City RTESM samples showed higher moisture content (51.34 - 52.28), while Warri samples had higher fat (13.56 %) and protein (24.22 %) contents. Akure samples exhibited higher ash (10.48 %) and carbohydrate (9.86 %) contents. Appreciable amountof essential metals in the RTESM were observed and highlight its potential as a valuable dietary component. Potential foodborne bacteria, including Listeria spp. (6.7 %), Salmonella spp., (15.0 %), Escherichia coli (25.0 %), and Staphylococcus aureus (53.3 %) were detected and pose some public health concerns. Findings from this study provide valuable insights into the chemical and microbiological quality of RTESM in southern Nigeria. The variations observed in chemical composition and the presence of potentially harmful microorganisms emphasize the need for implementation of good hygiene practices throughout the production and processing chain to ensure the safety and nutritional value of snail meat products.

Nutrition Labelling’s Impact on Consumption Patterns and Nutrition Awareness in Community: A Literature Review

Tri Wahyuni, Rostika Flora, Anita Rahmiwati — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 10:46:24 +0700

Background: Nutrition labelling on food packaging has become an essential tool for assisting consumers in making healthier food choices. Various label styles are used in different nations, but their usefulness varies according to the design and ease of understanding by customers, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of nutrition labels on consumption pattern and nutrition awareness; Methods: This study used a descriptive literature review with 2 data sources, namely PubMed and Google Scholar. The keywords used are "Nutrition Labelling" OR "Food Labels" AND "Healthy Food Choices" AND “Nutrition Awareness” with predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria, then article analysis was carried out to achieve the objectives; Results: A total of 5 articles met the criteria and objectives of the study, the study's findings indicate show that front-of-pack nutrition labeling (FoPL) is essential for directing better food choices and increasing consumer nutrition awareness; and Conclusions: Nutrition labelling has been found to play a significant effect in raising nutritional knowledge and affecting people's consumption habits. Labels like Multiple Traffic Lights (MTL), Traffic Light Food Labels (TLF), and Nutri-Score regularly encourage healthy food choices by offering information that is simple to understand and visually appealing.

Identification of Rationality and Potential Drug Interactions in Preeclampsia Patients with Comorbidities

Sat, 20 Dec 2025 10:25:35 +0700

Preeclampsia is one of the pregnancy complications that constitutes a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Its management requires the rational and safe use of medications, as there is a potential for drug interactions that may affect therapeutic outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the rationality of drug use and potential drug interactions in preeclampsia patients in the inpatient ward of Pertiwi Mother and Child Hospital, Makassar. This research employed a descriptive method with a retrospective approach, utilizing medical records of preeclampsia patients from January 2024 to January 2025. The evaluation of rationality was based on the “four rights” principle: right indication, right drug, right dose, and right time of administration. The results of this study showed that the majority of patients received rational pharmacotherapy, with nifedipine being the most commonly used antihypertensive drug. The potential drug interactions identified were predominantly of moderate severity. The findings indicate that, overall, drug use among preeclampsia patients in this hospital has not yet been fully rational, and the presence of potential drug interactions requires careful consideration in clinical practice.

Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Validation for Micro-dissolution Analysis of Ketoconazole in Alginate-Acacia Gum Composite Capsules

Fajar Aji Lumakso, Viviane Annisa, Riska Cermenda, Lutfi Chabib — Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:15:17 +0700

Ketoconazole, a BCS Class 2 antifungal drug, has good absorption but suffers from low solubility and poor bioavailability. To address this, a natural polymer-based matrix of alginate and acacia gum was formulated to enhance dissolution. This study aimed to validate a Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography method for analyzing ketoconazole content in micro-dissolution testing of capsule formulations. The method employed a C18 column with a mobile phase of acetonitrile:WFI (0.15% TEA, pH 3.5; 50:50) at 1 mL/min and detection at 265 nm. Validation demonstrated compliance with selectivity, linearity (r = 0.9996), sensitivity (LoD 6.51 µg/mL; LoQ 19.74 µg/mL), accuracy (99.6–101.3%), and precision (<2%, except one interday result at 2.08%). Micro-dissolution testing showed sustained ketoconazole release, exceeding 100% within 240 minutes. Data modeling (performed using DDSolver) indicated comparable fit for the Higuchi (R²_adj = 0.96) and Korsmeyer (R²_adj = 0.93) models, suggesting diffusion-controlled release of ketokonazole. The validated UHPLC method is suitable for micro-dissolution studies, and the alginate-acacia gum formulation effectively modulates drug release.

Influence of Stearic Acid and Triethanolamine on the Physical Properties and Antibacterial Efficacy of Ocimum basilicum L. Anti-acne Cream against Staphylococcus epidermidis

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:18:16 +0700

Acne vulgaris represents a significant dermatological concern, with Staphylococcus epidermidis identified as a key pathogenic contributor. While Ocimum basilicum L. (basil) leaves contain bioactive compounds including flavonoids, eugenol, and tannins that demonstrate promising antibacterial properties, the successful translation of these natural antimicrobials into effective topical formulations remains critically dependent on appropriate excipient selection. Despite the growing interest in botanical-based acne treatments, there exists a significant knowledge gap regarding how emulsifying agents, particularly stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA), influence both the physical stability and therapeutic efficacy of herbal cream formulations. This study investigated the effects of varying concentrations of stearic acid and TEA on the physical characteristics, stability, and antibacterial activity of basil leaf extract cream formulations against S. epidermidis ATCC-12228. Extracts obtained via maceration in 96% ethanol were incorporated into cream formulations (F0–F4), which were subsequently evaluated for organoleptic properties, homogeneity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, stability using a thermal cycling test, and antibacterial activity via disc diffusion. Stability assessment revealed notable differences across formulations. Although all formulations maintained consistent pH values and exhibited uniform microscopic homogeneity after cycling, variations in spreadability and adhesion indicated differing degrees of structural stability. Formulations F3 and F4 showed minimal changes across cycles, demonstrating superior resistance to thermal stress, whereas F0 exhibited significant instability in both spreadability and adhesion. Antibacterial testing showed that the formulation containing 20% basil extract (F4) produced the largest inhibition zone (11.83 ± 0.77 mm). Beyond its higher extract content, F4’s superior antibacterial performance is attributed to its more stable structural matrix, which likely enhanced the release and bioavailability of active phytochemicals such as eugenol and flavonoids, thereby promoting more efficient diffusion into the agar medium. Overall, the findings demonstrate that stearic acid and TEA concentrations substantially influence both the physical stability and antibacterial efficacy of basil-based cream formulations. The optimal stability and enhanced antimicrobial activity observed in F3 underscore their potential as promising candidates for topical anti-acne product development.

A Structure-Based Virtual Screening Protocol Utilizing PyPLIF HIPPOS and Vina for Targeting BACE-1

Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:20:53 +0700

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by progressive cognitive decline driven in part by amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation. The β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) is responsible for initiating Aβ generation, making it a central therapeutic target. Yet, developing effective BACE-1 inhibitors has proven difficult due to structural complexity and pharmacological limitation. This study aimed to construct and validate a structure-based virtual screening (SBVS) workflow combining Vina and PyPLIF HIPPOS to facilitate the identification of promising BACE-1 ligands. The protocol was validated through 100 independent redocking experiments of the native ligand (PDB ID: 3L5F), all reproducing the crystallographic pose with RMSD < 2.0 Å. Large-scale screening of the DUDE dataset (283 active ligands; 18,100 decoys) generated interaction fingerprint, which were subsequently analyzed using Recursive Partitioning and Regression Trees (RPART) under varying prior probabilities. At the optimal prior ratio of 0.82:0.18, the model achieved an enrichment factor (EF) of 10.03, surpassing the DUDE benchmark (EF = 8.1). analysis consistently highlighted ionic interactions with Asp289 and hydrophobic contacts with Trp137 as key determinants of ligand activity. From 283 active ligands, 32 were classified as true positives, narrowing the pool of candidates and interpretable SBVS protocol and proposing a dual anchoring strategy involving Asp289 and Trp137 as a rational design principle for novel BACE-1 inhibitors in AD therapy.

Thrombolytic Activity and Protein Characterization of Extract from White Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)

Tanfidz Alishlah, Evi Umayah Ulfa, Sattya Arimurti, Khilwiyah Eka Putri — Sat, 20 Dec 2025 09:52:41 +0700

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a condition resulting from the presence of thrombi within blood vessels. Globally, these illnesses are the leading causes of death. In 2022, the WHO estimates that 19.8 million fatalities or 32% of worldwide deaths were a result of cardiovascular disease, which is initiated by thromboembolism. The use of thrombolytic medicines is one treatment option for thromboembolic illness. The exploration revealed that numerous mushrooms contain protease enzymes with a thrombolytic effect. A common edible mushroom in Indonesia is the white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). By assessing thrombolytic activity using the Blood Clot Lysis Assay method and characterizing proteins using SDS-PAGE electrophoresis, this study aims to determine the thrombolytic activity of the extract and crude protein from the white oyster mushroom. The findings demonstrated the thrombolytic activity of the extract and crude protein of oyster mushroom at 29.89% and 37.89%, respectively. The extracts with volumes of 500 µl and the crude protein with a concentration of 0.05 g/mL exhibited the highest thrombolytic activity. The thrombolytic activity results of the extract (500 µl) and crude proteins (0.02 g/mL and 0.05 g/mL) of the white oyster mushroom were significantly higher than the positive control (p<0.05). According to protein characterization, the white oyster mushroom extract and crude protein had protein molecular weights of 45.50 kDa, 32.51 kDa, 21.09 kDa, and 15.1 kDa, respectively. White oyster mushroom extracts and crude protein have the potential to be developed as thrombolytic agents, serving as a safe, natural, and cost-effective alternative for thromboembolism disorders. While the results offer an important foundation, further studies are necessary to confirm and extend these findings.

Exploration of the Wound Healing Activity of Ethanol Extract-Based Ointment from Curry Leaves on the Wound Healing Process

Andilala Andilala, Juliana Sion Sihombing — Fri, 19 Dec 2025 13:26:42 +0700

Indonesian society widely utilizes traditional medicinal plants, including curry leaves (Murraya koenigii L.), which contain alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids known to possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aims to formulate curry leaf ethanol extract ointments as wound healing agents and to determine the most effective concentration in accelerating incision wound recovery. Five treatments were prepared: ointment base (negative control), Betadine 10% (positive control), and curry leaf ethanol extract ointments at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. The ointments were assessed for physical properties and tested on male white rats. The results showed that all formulations met the organoleptic, stability, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability requirements. Quantitative wound-healing analysis demonstrated that the 15% extract ointment produced the highest healing percentage, achieving 56.4% on day 5, 70.9% on day 8, and 100% by day 14, outperforming Betadine 10% (80% by day 14). One-way ANOVA revealed significant differences among treatment groups (p < 0.05), with the 15% formulation showing the most effective therapeutic response. These findings indicate that curry leaf ethanol extract ointment, particularly at a 15% concentration, has strong potential as a topical Wound Healing agent.