Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Optimization of Propylene Glycol and Na CMC in Gel Serum Preparations of Chicken Bone Collagen Antioxidant (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Dian Saputri — 2025-09-29

One important component found in the dermis layer of the skin is collagen. A decrease in collagen levels can result in reduced skin thickness and strength, loss of elasticity, and decreased skin hydration. Chicken bones serve as a valuable alternative source for the commercial production of collagen, which can be used in easily applicable pharmaceutical preparations, such as gel serum. Antioxidant gel serum preparations are developed by optimizing chicken bone collagen gel serum combined with Na CMC (0-2%) and propylene glycol (8-10%) using the Simplex Lattice Design method, so it is obtained 8 consecutive runs, the comparison is R1 and R3 (1% : 9%), R2 and R8 (2% : 8%), R4 (0,5% : 9,5%), R5 (1,5% : 8,5%) R6 and R7 (0% : 10%). The results indicate that the optimal formula consists of 1.984% Na CMC and 8.016% propylene glycol, yielding a pH of 4.50, a viscosity of 1700 cps, adhesion of 1.72 seconds, spreadability of 6.15 cm, and an IC₅₀ of 57,36 ppm. Validation tests using the T-test demonstrated no significant difference between the observation and prediction results, confirming that the obtained formula was valid.

Comparison of Vitamin C Content in Fresh and Canned Mandarin Oranges (Citrus reticulata Blanco) at a Supermarket in Pontianak

Enggy Erwansani — 2025-09-29

Abstract: Vitamin C is one of the micronutrients needed and cannot be synthesized by the human body so it needs intake from the outside such as fruits. Mandarin oranges are one of the sources of vitamin C that is widely circulated in Pontianak City. This fruit can be available in both fresh and canned form. However, the heating process during the processing of canned fruit can damage the vitamin C content in it. Therefore, an analysis is needed to compare vitamin C levels in fresh and canned mandarin fruits. The methods used were in the form of tube tests using FeCl₃, KMnO₄, and I₂, as well as quantitative tests using uv-vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the two positive samples contained vitamin C with a level of 78.56912152 mg/100 g in the fresh sample and 31.95655685 mg/100 g in the canned sample. Thus, it can be concluded that the vitamin C level in fresh mandarin oranges is higher than in canned mandarin oranges.

Figs Fruit Act as Adequate Anti-Inflammatory Agents against Injured Intestines and Memory Impairment of Acute Hypoxia-Induced Rats

Zhafira Naurasarah — 2025-09-29

Acute hypoxia (AH) may induce inflammation, increase reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and play an important role in disrupting mucosal integrity and memory impairment through the gut-brain axis. As such, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Ficus carica puree (FCP) in rats with AH (10% O₂, 90% N₂, 4h) - induced intestinal injury. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups: NC (negative control, untreated), PC (positive control), VC (vehicle, treated with corn oil), and FC1, FC2, and FC3 (FC1, 2, and 4 mL of FCP/200g). Histopathological analysis of the ileum, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured in plasma, and the novel object recognition (NORT) was used as a behavior test. The ileal tissues of FC1, FC2, and FC3 groups showed fewer inflammatory cells and less tissue damage than the NC group. The FCP exhibited non-dose-dependent anti-inflammation activity in TNF-α, NO, IL-6 levels, and histopathological analysis. Rats receiving all doses of FCP spent more time exploring the new object in NORT, suggesting the benefits of the phenolic compounds in Ficus carica as a functional food in alleviating the inflammatory and oxidative impacts of AH-induced intestinal injury.

Effects of Fermented Red Rice Bran on Gut Microbiota Modulation and Colorectal Cancer Prevention in a DMBA-Induced Mouse Model

Fairuz Khairunnisa Anasyua — 2025-09-29

Colorectal cancer prevention is closely linked to gut microbiota modulation, particularly by increasing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). This study investigates the effect of fermented red rice bran on colon microbiota improvement. Fermented bran was produced by mixing red rice bran with water and yeast, followed by an analysis of the proximate composition, dietary fiber, resistant starch, antioxidants, and phenols. A quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 mice, assigned to normal, negative control, 10% bran, 20% bran, 10% fermented bran, and 20% fermented bran groups. Colorectal cancer was induced using DMBA (20 mg/kgBW) intraperitoneally four times over two weeks. Treatment groups received bran or fermented bran ad libitum for 14 days. Cecal analysis showed that 20% red rice bran and 10% fermented bran significantly increased SCFA levels (p < 0.05), suggesting improved microbiota function, but did not significantly alter pH or LAB counts. These findings highlight the potential of fermented red rice bran in modulating gut microbiota, though further studies are needed to elucidate its long-term effects and mechanisms in colorectal cancer prevention.

Proactive Risk Governance for Pharmaceutical Adulteration in Traditional Medicines: Evidence from Indonesia’s 2022–2025 Recalls

Mohamad Kashuri — 2025-09-29

Pharmaceutical adulteration in traditional medicines poses a persistent public health risk, particularly in countries with weak regulatory oversight. In Indonesia, recurring violations involving undeclared pharmaceutical substances (Bahan Kimia Obat, BKO) continue to surface despite existing post-market monitoring. This study aimed to examine the extent, trends, and systemic regulatory gaps associated with BKO in Indonesian traditional medicines between 2022 and early 2025. Using a qualitative document-based content analysis, the research reviewed official recall announcements and inspection records issued by the Indonesian Food and Drug Authority (BPOM). The findings revealed a sharp increase in BKO cases from 2022 to 2024, followed by a sudden drop in 2025, raising concerns about surveillance consistency. The adulterants detected became increasingly diverse, including anti-obesity drugs, corticosteroids, and psychiatric agents, reflecting a shift in consumer-targeted illicit formulation. Regulatory challenges identified include fragmented governance, lack of traceability systems, insufficient pre-market screening, and reliance on end-product testing. The study proposes reforms such as mandatory serialization, third-party testing, and realignment of licensing accountability to manufacturers. These insights suggest that current enforcement mechanisms are reactive and incomplete. Strengthening risk governance and integrating socio-behavioral dimensions into regulation are essential to prevent recurrence and protect public health.

The Role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum in Modulating the Gut-Skin Axis: A Comprehensive Review on Its Potential in Managing Atopic Dermatitis

Sekar Cahyo Nurani — 2025-09-29

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition marked by impaired skin barrier function, immune system irregularities, and microbial imbalance. This research examines the efficacy of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, a probiotic recognized for its established safety and advantageous characteristics, in the management of atopic dermatitis (AD). The pathophysiology of AD encompasses genetic, environmental, and immunological components, with dysbiosis of skin and gut microbiota being essential. L. plantarum has shown beneficial effects in controlling gut and skin microbiota, improving skin barrier integrity, and modulating immunological responses via processes including short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis, cytokine regulation, and competitive exclusion of pathogens. Clinical investigations demonstrate that L. plantarum supplementation can diminish the severity of atopic dermatitis, as assessed by the SCORAD index, and enhance skin barrier integrity. The effectiveness of probiotic therapy may be affected by genetic, nutritional, and environmental variables. This review emphasizes the promise of L. plantarum as a therapeutic agent for AD, while also discussing the limitations and future possibilities for probiotic-based therapies in managing this intricate condition.

Antioxidant Activity of Essential Oil of Baeckea frutescens L. (Ujung Atap) and GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometery) Analysis

Nurkhasanah Mahfudh — 2025-09-29

Ujung Atap plant (Baeckea frutescens L.) is a shrub that resembles a pine tree and is usually found in tropical hills, mountains, and coastal environments. B. frutescens contains flavonoids and phenolic compounds which have known as potential antioxidants. B. frutescens also contains essential oils which have been used as various treatments and aromatherapy. This study aims to measure the effectiveness of antioxidants in Ujung atap essential oils based on the _IC50 value with the ABTS method and identify the chemical compound components of Ujung atap essential oils with the GC-MS. The stages of this research method consist of making Ujung atap essential oil using the steam-water distillation method, measuring the antioxidant activity of Ujung atap leaf essential oil using the ABTS method (2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)) and analysis of the chemical compound components of Ujung atap essential oil using the GC-MS (Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectroscopy). Based on the results of this research, it is known that the antioxidant activity of the ujung atap (Baeckea frutescens L.) is included in the very weak category with an IC₅₀of 481.525 ± 5.455 μl/L or equivalent to 435.154 ± 4.930 ug/mL. Meanwhile, the comparative antioxidant activity of quercetin has an IC₅₀ value of 2.846 ± 0.156 μg/mL, which is included in the very strong category. In the analysis test of the essential oil compound content of the ujung atap (Baeckea frutescens L.), it was discovered that there were six main components of the essential oil compound of the ujung atap (Baeckea frutescens L.) who had a concentration of more than 5%.) who have concentration more than 5%, namely, 1-beta- Pinene (21.62%), 1,8-Cineole (17.73%), alpha-pinene (14.93%), Gamma-Terpinene (6.84%), 3- Cyclohexene-1-methanol,α,α,4-trimethyl-(CAS) (5.78%), and Bicyclo[3.1.1]hept-2- ene,3,6,6 trimethyl-(CAS) (5.02%).

Quercetin Isolation Methods from Various Plant Samples by Traditional Extraction Method, Microwave, and Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Techniques: A Review

I Putu Gede Rama Raditya — 2025-09-29

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with unpaired electrons, produced by factors like radiation, pollution, and poor diet, causing oxidative stress and cell damage. Antioxidants counteract these effects, with natural ones like flavonoids being safer than synthetic types. Quercetin, a flavonoid found in various plants, has strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties due to its hydroxyl groups. This review compiles recent studies on plants containing quercetin, isolation methods, and analytical instruments used in the process. Research was sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed, focusing on Scopus, SINTA, and Google Scholar-indexed journals from 2014-2024. Articles selected were in English or Indonesian, had full-text access, and reported total quercetin content. Quercetin is found in tamarind, basil, guava, and moringa leaves, cabbage, Dutch Eggplant Peel, red beans, propolis, Fenugreek Seeds, Melastoma sanguineum Sims fruits, Flos Sophorae Immaturus, and mangkokan. Isolation techniques include maceration, Soxhlet, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE), Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE), and a combination of both (MUAE), with ethanol, acetone, and methanol commonly used as solvents. For quantifying quercetin, instruments like High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), UV-Vis Spectrophotometry, and Mass Spectrometry (MS) are employed.

The Bitter Taste Masking of Sour Lime (Citrus aurantiifolia) Peel Extract using Β-Cyclodextrin Complex

Yesi Desmiaty — 2025-09-29

Sour lime (Citrus aurantifolia) is widely used in Indonesia for beverages and herbal remedies, but the bitterness of its peel limits its application in nutraceuticals. This study aimed to mask the bitter taste of sour lime peel (SLP) extract using β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to form inclusion complexes. SLP was extracted with 70% ethanol via ultrasonication, then combined with β-CD at different ratios: Ci1 (0.5:2), Ci2 (0.75:2), and Ci3 (1:2), and freeze-dried. The resulting complexes were evaluated for antioxidant activity (DPPH assay) and physicochemical characteristics (bitterness value, FT-IR, SEM, XRD, and DSC). XRD and SEM analyses confirmed all inclusion complexes' amorphous and irregular structures, indicating successful encapsulation. Ci1 and Ci2 showed no detectable bitterness, while Ci3 and the crude extract exhibited bitterness values of 5 and 9 units/g, respectively. FT-IR showed the absence of ester group peaks in Ci1, and DSC indicated a shift in the endothermic peak, supporting complex formation. Among the formulations, Ci2 demonstrated the best performance in masking bitterness while retaining antioxidant activity. These results suggest that β-CD inclusion complexes, particularly Ci2, effectively improve the palatability of SLP extract and are suitable for further development in functional beverages and nutraceutical products.

A Study of Drug Interaction with Nifedipine and Magnesium Sulfate in the Management of Preeclampsia: An Observational Study

Nurhikma Awaluddin — 2025-09-29

Maternal mortality rate (MMR) remains a major priority in global health. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that MMR will decrease to 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030. However, in 2015, MMR in Indonesia reached 305 per 100,000 live births. Drug Related Problems (DRPs) are undesirable events that occur due to drug therapy and can hinder the recovery process of patients. Identifying drug-related issues during treatment is crucial for reducing morbidity, mortality, and therapy costs, as well as enhancing the effectiveness of pharmacological therapy.vThis study aims to identify DRPs caused by the use of the combination of Nifedipine and Magnesium Sulfate in preeclamptic patients at RSIA Sitti Khadijah 1 Makassar. The research method employed is non-experimental (observational) with a descriptive (qualitative) approach. The results indicate that among 32 preeclamptic patients who consumed the combination of Nifedipine and Magnesium Sulfate, there were no reported DRPs or adverse effects that jeopardized the patients' lives. These findings suggest that the combination therapy is in accordance with the management guidelines for preeclampsia in pregnant women based on national medical service protocols.

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Avocado Peel Waste: A Comprehensive Review of Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Activities

Kevin Awidarta — 2025-09-29

Avocado peel waste, a significant byproduct of the global avocado industry, represents an underutilized resource rich in bioactive compounds, prompting growing interest in its potential pharmacological applications. This review addresses the need to explore these compounds within the context of sustainable waste management and natural therapeutic development, aiming to evaluate their chemical composition and biological activities. A comprehensive analysis was conducted by synthesizing data from peer-reviewed studies, focusing on phytochemical identification using advanced techniques such as UHPLC-QTOF-MS, HPLC-DAD, and LC-DAD-ESI-MS, alongside pharmacological assessments via methods like DPPH, TBARS, and in vitro assays. The findings reveal that avocado peels, particularly from the Hass cultivar, contain diverse phytochemicals including phenolics, flavonoids, and organic acids, exhibiting antioxidant, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antifungal, antiplatelet, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. These activities are attributed to mechanisms such as radical scavenging, enzyme inhibition, and apoptosis induction, with specific studies highlighting neuroprotective effects in Parkinson’s disease models. The review concludes that avocado peel waste holds substantial promise as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds for food and pharmaceutical applications, though challenges like bioavailability and cultivar variability necessitate further research. Innovative extraction and formulation strategies could unlock its full therapeutic potential, contributing to a circular economy and health innovation.

Analysis of Antioxidant Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Cocoa Fruit Peel (Theobroma cacao L.) and Arabica Coffee Fruit Peel (Coffee arabica L.) with Maceration and Reflux Extraction Method

Indah Indah — 2025-09-29

Cocoa and coffee are well-known commodities in the world, including Indonesia. The seeds of cocoa and coffee are often utilized. Cocoa beans are usually processed into chocolate products, while coffee becomes a beverage product. Utilization of cocoa and coffee beans, and fruits produces waste, namely the skin. The more cocoa and coffee production, the more fruit skin waste. One of the efforts to utilize fruit skin waste is by extracting the antioxidant content from it. The choice of extraction method is important to produce extracts with the maximum amount of extract. Therefore, a study was conducted on the comparison of maceration and reflux extraction methods in determining the highest level of antioxidant activity. Cocoa and coffee fruit peels were extracted using ethanol, and the extracts were tested for antioxidant activity using DPPH with ascorbic acid as a positive control using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the antioxidant activity test conducted with the DPPH method showed that the IC₅₀ value of macerated cocoa fruit peel extract was 5.440 ppm, and coffee was 62.99 ppm the reflux extract of cocoa fruit peel was 4.999 ppm, and coffee was 61.68 ppm. This shows that the maceration and reflux methods of cocoa can be categorized as very strong antioxidants and strong arabica coffee. from the two extraction methods of this study, it is concluded that there is no significant difference between maceration and reflux.

Quantitative Determination of Flavanone Content in Teki Grass Tuber (Cyperus rotundus L) using Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry

Laeli Fitriyati — 2025-09-30

Teki grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) tubers are medicinal plants that have been widely utilized for their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer properties. These pharmacological activities are attributed to the presence of polyphenolic compounds, particularly flavanones. This study aims to determine the flavanone content in teki grass tubers using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The research was conducted as a laboratory-based experimental study, involving several steps: sample preparation, simplisia processing, extraction, and quantitative analysis of flavanone content by comparison with a flavanone standard. The UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis revealed the presence of flavanones in the extract of teki grass tubers. Quantitative results showed that the flavanone concentration in the extract was 128.29 µg/mL. These findings confirm that teki grass tubers are a potential natural source of flavanones, supporting their traditional herbal medicine use.

Examination of Borax in Meatballs: Qualitative Analysis

Norainny Yunitasari — 2025-09-30

Borax is a chemical that is hazardous to health and is often misused as a food additive. The addition of this chemical is to make food chewier and more durable. It is important to test the presence of borax in snacks around us. The purpose of this study was to test the presence of borax in meatballs sold in the town square in one of the cities in East Java. The test method was carried out qualitatively, namely organoleptic test, AgNO₃ test, turmeric extract test, and borax test kit. The results showed that all meatball samples tested positive for borax. Organoleptically, meatballs containing preservatives do not easily become soft (remain chewy), do not give off a bad smell for longer, and do not grow mold easily. This kind of research is important to anticipate the emergence of diseases due to borax abuse.

Analysis of Physicochemical Properties and Quality Testing of Beef Tallow and Lard Oil Along with Identification using FTIR and GC-MS

Adhitya Ilham Mukti Utomo — 2025-09-30

The halal industry is rapidly growing worldwide, especially in Indonesia, which has the largest Muslim population and abundant natural resources. This study aims to analyze the physicochemical properties and quality of beef tallow and lard oil, as well as to identify differences in FTIR and GC-MS spectra to distinguish between these two animal fats.The results show that lard oil has a higher extraction yield (30%) compared to beef tallow (17%). Lard oil also has a higher iodine value (53 g), indicating a greater proportion of unsaturated fatty acids, making it suitable for culinary applications. Conversely, beef tallow has a lower peroxide value (5 meq O₂/kg), indicating better resistance to oxidation.FTIR analysis reveals differences in functional groups, with lard oil showing a higher degree of unsaturation. GC-MS analysis identifies important compounds such as 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester in lard oil, while beef tallow is dominated by tetradecanoic acid methyl ester.This study emphasizes the need for the development of Indonesian National Standards (SNI) to ensure product quality and halal compliance. These findings provide important insights for the halal industry and food safety in Indonesia, as well as encouraging further research on the composition of animal fats.