Journal of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Detection of Garlic Powder Adulteration Using FTIR Spectroscopy and Chemometrics: A Case Study in an Indonesia Marketplace

Avika Rizky Elvira — 2024-12-25

Garlic is a plant with numerous benefits, including its use as a culinary ingredient and for medicinal purposes. However, the rising demand does not align with the availability of garlic in Indonesia, resulting in high garlic prices. Excessively high prices may potentially lead to garlic powder adulteration. The objective of this study is to determine whether there are garlic powder products adulterated with maltodextrin in the Marketplace. A total of 10 garlic powder samples were purchased on Marketplace. The study utilized a combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics. The chemometrics employed in this study were OPLS-DA (Orthogonal Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis) for sample grouping, as well as PLS (Partial Least Squares) for multivariate calibration. The findings revealed that OPLS-DA could effectively group the samples. Additionally, the best multivariate calibration model (PLS) was obtained at the wavenumber range of 679-440 cm^-1 with a calibration R² value of 0.9981, RMSEC value of 1.11, validation R²value of 0.9926, and RMSEP value of 2.12. Based on the research results, it was found that three products were not pure garlic powder, with details indicating two products containing maltodextrin as an adulterant and one product containing a non-maltodextrin adulterant.

SARS-CoV-2 Oral Vaccine Design Based on Nanoparticle Encapsulation with a Combination of Chitosan and Alginate

Ni Putu Fiona Cista Dewi — 2024-12-26

Vaccination is the most effective intervention in reducing mortality rates due to COVID-19. Oral vaccines provide a more convenient process with a dual immune response (systemic and mucosal). Encapsulation is a strategic method that can be used to enhance the efficiency of oral vaccines. The combination of chitosan and alginate can protect the drug from gastrointestinal disturbances. Our research aims to nanoencapsulate the intravenous vaccine "Inavac" using chitosan and alginate polymers into a vaccine that can be consumed orally. The optimal formulation obtained is a formula with 1.75% chitosan; 0.1% NaTPP; and 0.05% alginate, with a stirring speed of 1150 rpm and a duration of 60 minutes. Characterization results show that the nanoencapsulated COVID-19 vaccine formula is nanometer-sized with homogeneous distribution and system stability correlated with good mucoadhesive power. Good design stability is indicated by the absence of significant changes in the formula levels (p-value = 0.69), appropriate functional groups, spherical surface morphology, and the highest vaccine release in the intestine (Simulated Intestine Fluid media). Optimum Formula Oral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine with chitosan and alginate polymers has great potential to be developed so that it can be an alternative choice for the community.

Analysis of Rhodamine B in Lip Creams from Marketplace

Odilia Dea Christina — 2024-12-26

Lip cream is a cosmetic product with a creamy texture that provides long-lasting color for the lips. One of the cosmetic colorants often misused as a lip colorant is Rhodamine B, which is supposed to be used for textile coloring. Rhodamine B may cause irritation, is carcinogenic, and can even cause liver damage in high concentrations. This study aims to determine whether lip creams sold in marketplaces contain Rhodamine B and measure the concentration of Rhodamine B in these products. Qualitative analysis of the Rhodamine B content in lip cream was carried out using the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method with the stationary phase silica gel GF254 and the mobile phase n-butanol: ethyl acetate: 25% ammonia with a ratio of 10:4:5. Of the 5 samples that were qualitatively analyzed using TLC, 3 samples were positive for containing rhodamine B, samples number 1, 2, and 3. Quantitative analysis was conducted to determine Rhodamine B concentrate using the spectrophotometry UV-Vis method with a maximum wavelength of 546 nm. The results of assay determination showed that the average concentration containing rhodamine B was 0.044% in sample number 1, 0.060% in sample number 2, and 0.052% in sample number 3.

Irritation Assessment of Herbal Deodorant from Essential Oil of Pomelo (Citrus maxima) Peel on Rabbit Skin

Wisdawati Wisdawati — 2024-12-26

A deodorant manages an unpleasant body odor through both reducing and suppressing antibacterial activity and it is formulated generally using antibacterial agents and fragrances. Nowadays, quaternary ammonium compounds like triclosan, aluminum salts, and odor eliminators are used as antibacterial agents and fragrance in deodorant products. A nature-based deodorant potentially replace the synthetic deodorant with less irritating effect. Pomelo (Citrus maxima) is one of the Indonesian plants which has some bioactive compounds, including limonene. Essential oil of Pomelo peel (EOPP) exhibits an antibacterial activity as well as fragrance. The aim of this research is to observe the irritation effect of EOPP deodorant on rabbit skin. The irritation assay of herbal deodorant of EOPP with various concentrations (F1: 1.25%; F2: 2.5% and F3: 5%) was carried out based on protocol for dermal acute irritation test on rabbit skin. All the formulations performed the same grades (negligible criteria) with the irritation index of F1, F2 and F3: 0; 0.037 and 0.148, respectively. The herbal deodorants with various concentrations of EOPP did not show an irritating effect on rabbit skin.

Effectiveness of Apple Cider Vinegar Immersion with and Without Mother as a Decrease in Lead (Pb) Levels in Green Mussels (Perna viridis)

Siti Nur Muhibbatul Jannah — 2024-12-26

Lead is a heavy metal that often pollutes aquatic biota such as green mussels. Green mussels that contain lead if consumed in humans can pose health risks such as long-term assumptions or in high levels can cause poisoning. To reduce the lead level, we can use apple cider vinegar with and without mother which contains acetic acid and citric acid. The purpose of this study is to observe lead levels of green mussels after soaking with apple cider vinegar with and without mother, percentage decrease in green mussels lead content and the effectiveness of apple cider vinegar with and without mother in reducing lead levels. This study was a quasi-experiment by soaking green mussels using apple cider vinegar with and without mother for 5, 10, 15 minutes. The sample is prepared by drying the sample in the oven and extracting the sample using wet destruction so that a clear liquid is obtained that can be measured using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the average lead levels sample soaked by apple cider vinegar with mothers were 0.219 mg/L, 0.103 mg/L, 0.088 mg/L, without mothers were 0.205 mg/L, 0.173 mg/L, 0.125 mg/L. The percentage of lead decrease was 2.6%, 49%, 51% used apple cider vinegar with mother while without mother is 8%, 15%, 30%. After the one-way ANOVA test, a p-value of > 0.05 was obtained with no effect of lead reduction. Based on research apple cider vinegar with and without mother can reduce lead levels, but statistically, the decrease is not significant.

Formulation and Effectiveness of Herbal Hair Dye from Ethanol Extract of Banyan Bark (Ficus benjamina L)

Dewi Safitri — 2024-12-26

The banyan plant (Ficus benjamina Linn.) is one of the plants that has benefit as a traditional medicine. Almost all parts of the plant have efficacy as a source of medicine and furniture or decoration. However, banyan bark is often considered waste. Based on the results of phytochemical screening that has been carried out, banyan bark contains chemical compounds tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and glycosides. Flavonoids are a group of flavanols derived from benzene compounds that can be used as basic compounds of natural dyes. Therefore, the aim of this research is to try to make herbal hair dye using banyan bark (Ficus benjamina Linn.) as a natural dyeing ingredient. The research method used is experimental with 80% ethanol solvent. The formulation of herbal hair dye consists of extract of banyan bark (Ficus benjamina Linn), Piragalol, Xanthan gum, Methyl parabens, and BHT with concentration of 4%, 6% and 8%, respectively. Tests on the preparations made include organoleptic tests, homogeneity tests, viscosity tests, pH tests, stability tests, irritation tests, color stability tests produced, color stability tests against washing, color stability tests against sunlight and preference tests. The formulation of herbal hair dyes uses ethanol extract of banyan bark which can give color to gray hair with concentrations of ethanol extract of banyan bark 4%, 6% and 8%, Pyroganol 1%, Xanthan gum 1%, Methyl paraben and BHT. Banyan bark ethanol extract (Ficus benjamina Linn.) can be used in herbal hair dye by producing a blonde to dark brown color in gray hair. The best dye is obtained from the formula with concentration of 8% which consists of ethanol extract of banyan bark (EKBB) which produces a dark brown color, the pH of the preparation in the range of 5.8 – 6.1, the viscosity in the range of 2800 – 4800 cps, and the preparation is stable in several washes and exposure to direct sunlight and does not cause irritation reactions to the skin.

The The Evaluation of Clove oil Concentration on Physicochemical and Antimicrobial Activity in the Laponite Gel Delivery System

Dian Eka Ermawati — 2024-12-28

Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis (SAR) is inflammation in the oral mucosa. One of the factors that can cause SAR is bacterial and fungal infections of the oral mucosa. Clove oil is an essential oil that contains eugenol and has antimicrobial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Clove oil in this study resulted from steam distillation with an eugenol content of 71.06%. Clove oil as an antimicrobial topical requires a drug delivery system that is easy and comfortable to apply. Laponite is a synthetic hydrophilic layered silicate that can hydrate and expand when water is added, is compatible with the properties of active ingredients, and is without an emulsifier. Please state the objective of this research. This research aims to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of clove oil incorporated in laponite on the gel's physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity. Laponite with a concentration of 2.5% was developed in water and then added to clove oil with a concentration of 2%, 4% and 6%. Physicochemical properties test of oral gel preparations includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability tests. Antimicrobial activity test to Streptococcus mutans bacteria and Candida albicans fungi. The research showed that a gel preparation using laponite with a concentration of 2.5% was semi-solid with a clove oil odor. Clove oil, with an eugenol content of 71.06%, has potent antimicrobial activity. The higher concentration of clove oil increases the viscosity and sticky time but decreases the pH and spreadability. The adhesive time and pH of the gel are suitable for application to the oral mucosa with mouth ulcers, and 2.5% laponite can form a gel preparation that meets the gel's physicochemical properties and antimicrobial activity.

Antibacterial Potential of Kaempferia parviflora Rhizome Extract against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923

Dianita Febrina Leswara — 2024-12-28

Bacteria are one of the organisms that cause infectious diseases. One of the bacteria that can cause infection is Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment of bacterial infections is by using antibiotics, but using the antibiotics for a long term can cause resistance. It is necessary to look for alternative compounds that can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. In the bioprospecting process of medicinal plants, it is not only necessary to rely on empirical information but also to have scientific evidence proven through scientific testing. One of the plants with potential as a medicine is black ginger (Kaempferia parviflora). The aim of this study is to determine the effectiveness of Kaempferia parviflora rhizome in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The concentrations of the Kaempferia parviflora extract tested were 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Kaempferia parviflora rhizome has antibacterial activity against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, with strong antibacterial inhibition. This study is expected to contribute to the field of health in general and pharmacy in particular by developing the potential of Indonesian medicinal plants. The findings of this study will be directed toward the development of formulations with antibacterial activity.

Porcine Derived Ingredients in Cosmetic Products and its Halal Authentication Method within Complex Matrices

Hazza' Hammam Nawwaruddin — 2024-12-28

Nowadays cosmetics are an important commodity and the market for halal cosmetics is seeing growth. Cosmetics that contain porcine-derived ingredients are typically the source of halal problems. Gelatin and collagen are porcine derivatives that are extensively used in cosmetics. Hence, verifying the presence of porcine derivatives in cosmetics by developing analytical methods is critical. Despite this urgency, determining porcine-derived components in cosmetics is challenging, since cosmetics are quite complex with variable matrix forms. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there are only a few papers on developing porcine derivatives analysis in cosmetic items. This mini-review objective is to depict the current understanding of determining porcine collagen and gelatin in cosmetic matrixes. The findings revealed that the LC-MS/MS method is superior for determining gelatin and collagen sources in complex matrixes due to its sensitivity and accuracy. PCR and ELISA methods have challenges with the marker degradation problem since the derivatives undergo extensive processing conditions, thus lowering the methods’ specificity and sensitivity, especially in complex matrixes. The SDS-PAGE method applications are limited and the method is suitable for a relatively simple matrix. This review highlights findings that support future advancements in cosmetic analysis for halal authentication.

The Effect of Variation in Solvent Concentration on Caffeine Content in Green Arabica Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica) using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Nanda Tsalasani Zulfaidah — 2024-12-28

Coffee is one type of beverage that is widely favoured by the community, Arabica coffee plants are a variant that grows a lot in Indonesia. Coffee beans contain various chemical compounds, one of which is caffeine. This study aims to determine the caffeine content with different solvent concentrations. Green Arabica coffee beans (Coffea arabica) were extracted using the maceration method. Ethanol extract 70% and ethanol extract 96% of green Arabica coffee beans were then fractionated in liquid-liquid extraction of chloroform and water phases. Then the analysis and determination of caffeine content were carried out with a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. Qualitative tests were carried out using the Parry reagent color test showing positive results with a change in color to green. The results of the study in the form of a % caffeine content value to the weight of the extract sample, showed that in the 70% ethanol extract of green Arabica coffee beans contained a caffeine content of 10.115 ± 0.06% and the 96% ethanol extract of green Arabica coffee beans was 12.760 ± 0.580%. The results of the analysis showed that the amount of caffeine content had a significant difference with a p-value <0.05. So it can be concluded that the optimum solvent for extracting caffeine from green Arabica coffee bean extract is 96% solvent.