Keywords
Botryococcus braunii, Cultivation System, Analytic Hierarchy Process
Abstract
Bio-crude oil is a way to utilize bioenergy that can reduce the Indonesian government's dependence on fossil energy. Bio-crude oil can be obtained by carrying out a thermochemical process of biomass. Microalgae is a potential source of biomass and Botryococcus braunii is one of the promising types of microalgae for this matter. One of the units required in the conversion process of microalgae into bio-crude oil is the cultivation unit. The objective of this study is to determine the most effective and optimal cultivation technology to be applied to the bio-crude oil refinery plant. Location of the cultivation system is in Cilacap, Central Java, Indonesia. A study was conducted for this purpose using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The cultivation systems proposed to be the alternatives were open raceway pond, flat panel photo-bioreactor, hybrid, and membrane photo-bioreactor. The AHP results showed that the open raceway pond was selected to be applied to the bio-crude oil refinery process. The biomass production potential of Botryococcus braunii from the cultivation unit in this study was 19.8795 ton/year/ha which could be processed into 11.5301 ton of bio-crude oil with a high heating value (HHV) of 553,448.8 MJ.
References
[1] Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Republic of Indonesia, Handbook of Energy and Economic Statistics of Indonesia 2019, 2020.
[2] L. Prasakti, R. Rochmadi, and A. Budiman, "The Effect of Biomass-Water Ratio on Bio-crude Oil Production from Botryococcus braunii using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process," Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, vol. 13, no.2, pp.132-138, 2019.
[3] H. K. S. Panahi, M. Tabatabaei, M. Aghbashlo, M. Dehhaghi, M. Rehan, and A. S. Nizami, "Recent updates on the production and upgrading of bio-crude oil from microalgae," Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 7, pp.1-17, 2019.
[4] Y. Zhu, M. J. Biddy, S. B. Jones, D. C. Elliott, and A. J. Schmidt, “Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading,” Applied Energy, vol. 129, pp.384–394, 2014.
[5] U.S. Department of Energy, Waste-to-Energy from Municipal Solid Wastes, Washington, DC: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2019.
[6] Y. Zhu, M. J. Biddy, S. B. Jones, D. C. Elliott, and A. J. Schmidt, “Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading,” Applied Energy, vol. 129, pp.384–394, 2014.
[7] A. Demirbas, "Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass,” Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 1, pp.17–28, 2011.
[8] Z. Yin, L. Zhu, S. Li, T. Hu, R. Chu, F. Mo, D. Hu, C. Liu, and B. Li, "A comprehensive review on cultivation and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: Environmental pollution control and future directions," Bioresource Technology, vol. 301, Jan., pp.1-19, 122804, 2020.
[9] A. R. Rao, G. A. Ravishankar, and R. Sarada, “Cultivation of green alga Botryococcus braunii in raceway , circular ponds under outdoor conditions and its growth, hydrocarbon production,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 123, pp.528–533, 2012.
[10] M. B. Tasic, L. F. R. Pinto, B. C. Klein, V. B. Veljković, and R. M. Filho, "Botryococcus braunii for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 64, pp.260–270, 2016.
[11] A. M. Sari, H. E. Mayasari, and S. Zullaikah, "Pertumbuhan dan kandungan lipida dari botryococcus braunii dalam media air laut" Jurnal Tekniks Pomits, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.1–6, 2013.
[12] K. Furuhashi, K. Saga, S. Okada, and K. Imou, “Seawater-Cultured Botryococcus braunii for Efficient Hydrocarbon Extractio,”PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, pp.2–6., 2013.
[13] M. Demura, M. Ioki, M. Kawachi, N. Nakajima, and M. M. Watanabe, "Desiccation tolerance of Botryococcus braunii (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) and extreme temperature tolerance of dehydrated cells," Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 26, pp.49–53, 2014.
[14] N. S. M. Aron, K. S. Khoo, K.W. Chew, A. Veeramuthu, J. S. Chang, and P. L. Show, "Microalgae cultivation in wastewater and potential processing strategies using solvent and membrane separation technologies," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 39, 101701, 2021.
[15] J. Jin, C. Dupré, K. Yoneda, M. M. Watanabe, J. Legrand, and D. Grizeau, "Characteristics of extracellular hydrocarbon-rich microalga Botryococcus braunii for biofuels production: Recent advances and opportunities," Process Biochemistry, vol. 51, no. 11, pp.1866–1875, 2016.
[16] H. Taherdoost, "Decision Making Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); A Step by Step Decision Approach,” International Journal of Economics and Management System, vol. 2, Feb, pp.244–246, 2017.
[17] M. Brunneli, "Introduction to the analytic hierarchy process," SpringerBriefs in Operations Research, P. 83. 978-3-319-12502-2 (electronic), 2015.
[18] R. W. Saaty, "The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used," Mathematical Modelling, vol. 9, no.3–5, pp.161–176, 1987.
[19] Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Cilacap, “Keadaan Suhu Udara/Air Temperature 2018-2020,” Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Cilacap, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://cilacapkab.bps.go.id/indicator/151/327/1/keadaan-suhu-udara-air-temperature.html. [Accessed: Oct. 3, 2021]
[20] V. Ashokkumar and R. Rengasamy, "Mass culture of Botryococcus braunii Kutz. under open raceway pond for biofuel production," Bioresource Technology, vol. 104, pp.394–399, 2012.
[21] S. S. Khichi, A. Anis, and S. Ghosh, "Mathematical modeling of light energy flux balance in flat panel photobioreactor for Botryococcus braunii growth, CO2 biofixation and lipid production under varying light regimes,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 134, pp.44–56, 2018.
[22] M. G. d. Reis, and A. Ribeiro, "Conversion factors and general equations applied in agricultural and forest meteorology", Agrometeoros, vol. 27, no. 2, pp.227–258, 2020.
[23] L. Marbelia, M. R. Bilad, I. Passaris, V. Discart, D. Vandamme, A. Beuckels, K. Muylaert, and I. F. J. Vankelecom, "Membrane photobioreactors for integrated microalgae cultivation and nutrient remediation of membrane bioreactors effluent," Bioresource Technology, vol. 163, pp.228–235, 2014.
[24] M. Marsullo, A. Mian, A. V. Ensinas, G. Manente, A. Lazzaretto, and F. Marechal, "Dynamic modeling of the microalgae cultivation phase for energy production in open raceway ponds and flat panel photobioreactors," Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 3, 41, 2015.
[25] R. Davis, A. Aden, and P. T. Pienkos, "Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production," Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 10, pp.3524–3531, 2011.
[26] J. W. Richardson, M. D. Johnson, X. Zhang, P. Zemke, W. Chen, and Q. Hu, "A financial assessment of two alternative cultivation systems and their contributions to algae biofuel economic viability,"Algal Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.96–104, 2014.
[27] P. Lindblad, D. Fuente, F. Borbe, B. Cicchi, J. A. Conejero, N. Couto, H. Čelešnik, M.M. Diano, M. Dolinar, S. Esposito, C. Evans, E. A. Ferreira, J. Keller, N. Khanna, G. Kind, A. Landels, L. Lemus, J. Noirel, S. Ocklenburg, … R. Wünschiers, "CyanoFactory, a European consortium to develop technologies needed to advance cyanobacteria as chassis for production of chemicals and fuels," Algal Research, vol. 41, May, 2019.
[28] Y. Luo, P. Le-Clech, and R. K. Henderson, "Simultaneous microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment in submerged membrane photobioreactors: A review," Algal Research, vol. 24, pp.425–437, 2017.
[29] K. Kumar, S.K. Mishra, A. Shrivastav, M. S. Park, and J. W. Yang, "Recent trends in the mass cultivation of algae in raceway ponds," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 51, pp.875–885, 2015.
[30] E. Sierra, F. G. Acien, J. M. Fernandez, J. L. Garcıa, C. Gonzalez, and E. Molina, "Characterization of a flat plate photobioreactor for the production of microalgae", Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 138, pp.136–147, 2008.
[31] M. R. Bilad, D. Vandamme, I. Foubert, K. Muylaert, and I. F. J. Vankelecom, "Harvesting microalgal biomass using submerged microfiltration membranes," Bioresource Technology, vol. 111, pp.343–352, 2012.
[32] N. Norsker, M. J. Barbosa, M. H. Vermuë, and R. H. Wijffels, "Microalgal production — A close look at the economics," Biotechnology Advances, vol. 29, no.1, pp.24–27, 2011.
[33] A. K. S. Lau, M. R. Bilad, N. B. Osman, L. Marbelia, Z. A. Putra, N. A. H. M. Nordin, M. D. H. Wirzal, J. Jaafar, and A. L. Khan, "Sequencing batch membrane photobioreactor for simultaneous cultivation of aquaculture feed and polishing of real secondary effluent," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 29, Mar., 100779, 2019.
[34] J. A. Ramirez, R. J. Brown, and T. J. Rainey, "A review of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-crude properties and prospects for upgrading to transportation fuels," Energies, vol. 8, no. 7, pp.6765–6794, 2015.
[35] N. Sharma, K. K. Jaiswal, V. Kumar, M. S. Vlaskin, M. Nanda, I. Rautela, M. S. Tomar, and W. Ahmad, "Effect of catalyst and temperature on the quality and productivity of HTL bio-oil from microalgae: A review," Renewable Energy, vol. 174, pp.810–822, 2021
[36] R. Ren, X. Han, H. Zhang, H. Lin, J. Zhao, Y. Zheng, and H. Wang, "High yield bio-oil production by hydrothermal liquefaction of a hydrocarbon-rich microalgae and biocrude upgrading," Carbon Resources Conversion, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.153–159, 2018.
[2] L. Prasakti, R. Rochmadi, and A. Budiman, "The Effect of Biomass-Water Ratio on Bio-crude Oil Production from Botryococcus braunii using Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process," Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, vol. 13, no.2, pp.132-138, 2019.
[3] H. K. S. Panahi, M. Tabatabaei, M. Aghbashlo, M. Dehhaghi, M. Rehan, and A. S. Nizami, "Recent updates on the production and upgrading of bio-crude oil from microalgae," Bioresource Technology Reports, vol. 7, pp.1-17, 2019.
[4] Y. Zhu, M. J. Biddy, S. B. Jones, D. C. Elliott, and A. J. Schmidt, “Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading,” Applied Energy, vol. 129, pp.384–394, 2014.
[5] U.S. Department of Energy, Waste-to-Energy from Municipal Solid Wastes, Washington, DC: Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, 2019.
[6] Y. Zhu, M. J. Biddy, S. B. Jones, D. C. Elliott, and A. J. Schmidt, “Techno-economic analysis of liquid fuel production from woody biomass via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and upgrading,” Applied Energy, vol. 129, pp.384–394, 2014.
[7] A. Demirbas, "Competitive liquid biofuels from biomass,” Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 1, pp.17–28, 2011.
[8] Z. Yin, L. Zhu, S. Li, T. Hu, R. Chu, F. Mo, D. Hu, C. Liu, and B. Li, "A comprehensive review on cultivation and harvesting of microalgae for biodiesel production: Environmental pollution control and future directions," Bioresource Technology, vol. 301, Jan., pp.1-19, 122804, 2020.
[9] A. R. Rao, G. A. Ravishankar, and R. Sarada, “Cultivation of green alga Botryococcus braunii in raceway , circular ponds under outdoor conditions and its growth, hydrocarbon production,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 123, pp.528–533, 2012.
[10] M. B. Tasic, L. F. R. Pinto, B. C. Klein, V. B. Veljković, and R. M. Filho, "Botryococcus braunii for biodiesel production," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 64, pp.260–270, 2016.
[11] A. M. Sari, H. E. Mayasari, and S. Zullaikah, "Pertumbuhan dan kandungan lipida dari botryococcus braunii dalam media air laut" Jurnal Tekniks Pomits, vol. 2, no. 1, pp.1–6, 2013.
[12] K. Furuhashi, K. Saga, S. Okada, and K. Imou, “Seawater-Cultured Botryococcus braunii for Efficient Hydrocarbon Extractio,”PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 6, pp.2–6., 2013.
[13] M. Demura, M. Ioki, M. Kawachi, N. Nakajima, and M. M. Watanabe, "Desiccation tolerance of Botryococcus braunii (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta) and extreme temperature tolerance of dehydrated cells," Journal of Applied Phycology, vol. 26, pp.49–53, 2014.
[14] N. S. M. Aron, K. S. Khoo, K.W. Chew, A. Veeramuthu, J. S. Chang, and P. L. Show, "Microalgae cultivation in wastewater and potential processing strategies using solvent and membrane separation technologies," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 39, 101701, 2021.
[15] J. Jin, C. Dupré, K. Yoneda, M. M. Watanabe, J. Legrand, and D. Grizeau, "Characteristics of extracellular hydrocarbon-rich microalga Botryococcus braunii for biofuels production: Recent advances and opportunities," Process Biochemistry, vol. 51, no. 11, pp.1866–1875, 2016.
[16] H. Taherdoost, "Decision Making Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP); A Step by Step Decision Approach,” International Journal of Economics and Management System, vol. 2, Feb, pp.244–246, 2017.
[17] M. Brunneli, "Introduction to the analytic hierarchy process," SpringerBriefs in Operations Research, P. 83. 978-3-319-12502-2 (electronic), 2015.
[18] R. W. Saaty, "The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used," Mathematical Modelling, vol. 9, no.3–5, pp.161–176, 1987.
[19] Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Cilacap, “Keadaan Suhu Udara/Air Temperature 2018-2020,” Badan Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Cilacap, 2021. [Online]. Available:
https://cilacapkab.bps.go.id/indicator/151/327/1/keadaan-suhu-udara-air-temperature.html. [Accessed: Oct. 3, 2021]
[20] V. Ashokkumar and R. Rengasamy, "Mass culture of Botryococcus braunii Kutz. under open raceway pond for biofuel production," Bioresource Technology, vol. 104, pp.394–399, 2012.
[21] S. S. Khichi, A. Anis, and S. Ghosh, "Mathematical modeling of light energy flux balance in flat panel photobioreactor for Botryococcus braunii growth, CO2 biofixation and lipid production under varying light regimes,” Biochemical Engineering Journal, vol. 134, pp.44–56, 2018.
[22] M. G. d. Reis, and A. Ribeiro, "Conversion factors and general equations applied in agricultural and forest meteorology", Agrometeoros, vol. 27, no. 2, pp.227–258, 2020.
[23] L. Marbelia, M. R. Bilad, I. Passaris, V. Discart, D. Vandamme, A. Beuckels, K. Muylaert, and I. F. J. Vankelecom, "Membrane photobioreactors for integrated microalgae cultivation and nutrient remediation of membrane bioreactors effluent," Bioresource Technology, vol. 163, pp.228–235, 2014.
[24] M. Marsullo, A. Mian, A. V. Ensinas, G. Manente, A. Lazzaretto, and F. Marechal, "Dynamic modeling of the microalgae cultivation phase for energy production in open raceway ponds and flat panel photobioreactors," Frontiers in Energy Research, vol. 3, 41, 2015.
[25] R. Davis, A. Aden, and P. T. Pienkos, "Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production," Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 10, pp.3524–3531, 2011.
[26] J. W. Richardson, M. D. Johnson, X. Zhang, P. Zemke, W. Chen, and Q. Hu, "A financial assessment of two alternative cultivation systems and their contributions to algae biofuel economic viability,"Algal Research, vol. 4, no. 1, pp.96–104, 2014.
[27] P. Lindblad, D. Fuente, F. Borbe, B. Cicchi, J. A. Conejero, N. Couto, H. Čelešnik, M.M. Diano, M. Dolinar, S. Esposito, C. Evans, E. A. Ferreira, J. Keller, N. Khanna, G. Kind, A. Landels, L. Lemus, J. Noirel, S. Ocklenburg, … R. Wünschiers, "CyanoFactory, a European consortium to develop technologies needed to advance cyanobacteria as chassis for production of chemicals and fuels," Algal Research, vol. 41, May, 2019.
[28] Y. Luo, P. Le-Clech, and R. K. Henderson, "Simultaneous microalgae cultivation and wastewater treatment in submerged membrane photobioreactors: A review," Algal Research, vol. 24, pp.425–437, 2017.
[29] K. Kumar, S.K. Mishra, A. Shrivastav, M. S. Park, and J. W. Yang, "Recent trends in the mass cultivation of algae in raceway ponds," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 51, pp.875–885, 2015.
[30] E. Sierra, F. G. Acien, J. M. Fernandez, J. L. Garcıa, C. Gonzalez, and E. Molina, "Characterization of a flat plate photobioreactor for the production of microalgae", Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 138, pp.136–147, 2008.
[31] M. R. Bilad, D. Vandamme, I. Foubert, K. Muylaert, and I. F. J. Vankelecom, "Harvesting microalgal biomass using submerged microfiltration membranes," Bioresource Technology, vol. 111, pp.343–352, 2012.
[32] N. Norsker, M. J. Barbosa, M. H. Vermuë, and R. H. Wijffels, "Microalgal production — A close look at the economics," Biotechnology Advances, vol. 29, no.1, pp.24–27, 2011.
[33] A. K. S. Lau, M. R. Bilad, N. B. Osman, L. Marbelia, Z. A. Putra, N. A. H. M. Nordin, M. D. H. Wirzal, J. Jaafar, and A. L. Khan, "Sequencing batch membrane photobioreactor for simultaneous cultivation of aquaculture feed and polishing of real secondary effluent," Journal of Water Process Engineering, vol. 29, Mar., 100779, 2019.
[34] J. A. Ramirez, R. J. Brown, and T. J. Rainey, "A review of hydrothermal liquefaction bio-crude properties and prospects for upgrading to transportation fuels," Energies, vol. 8, no. 7, pp.6765–6794, 2015.
[35] N. Sharma, K. K. Jaiswal, V. Kumar, M. S. Vlaskin, M. Nanda, I. Rautela, M. S. Tomar, and W. Ahmad, "Effect of catalyst and temperature on the quality and productivity of HTL bio-oil from microalgae: A review," Renewable Energy, vol. 174, pp.810–822, 2021
[36] R. Ren, X. Han, H. Zhang, H. Lin, J. Zhao, Y. Zheng, and H. Wang, "High yield bio-oil production by hydrothermal liquefaction of a hydrocarbon-rich microalgae and biocrude upgrading," Carbon Resources Conversion, vol. 1, no. 2, pp.153–159, 2018.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.