Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat

Factors associated with the one-month prevalence of health worker-diagnosed acute respiratory infection among children aged 12–59 months in West Sumatra, Indonesia: A cross-sectional analysis of the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey

2026-10-12T08:19:27+07:00

Purpose: To identify factors associated with the one-month prevalence of health-worker-diagnosed acute respiratory infection (ARI) among children aged 12–59 months in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

Methods: This cross- sectional analysis used the 2024 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey. Of 12,456 surveyed children in West Sumatra, 1,917 were excluded for age outside 12–59 months and 10 for incomplete analytic data, yielding 10,529 records. Caregiver-reported diagnosis by a health worker in the preceding month was used to define ARI. Survey-weighted logistic regression accounted for primary sampling units, strata, and individual sampling weights. Variables with crude p < 0.25 were entered into the initial multivariable model; the reduced model excluded age after assessing changes in its estimate.

Results: The reported survey-based ARI prevalence was 4.7%. In the reduced model, polluting cooking fuel had the largest adjusted prevalence odds ratio (aPOR 2.26; 95% CI 1.24–4.13), followed by incomplete vitamin A supplementation (1.95; 1.32–2.87), substandard household space per person (1.76; 1.25–2.47), and incomplete basic immunization (1.59; 1.16–2.16).

Conclusion: Household cooking conditions, dwelling space, vitamin A supplementation, and immunization were associated with the prevalence of diagnosed ARI. Provincial and district/city health authorities should integrate feasible household-environment improvements with routine child health services; this analysis does not support causal or spatial-clustering interpretations.

Monthly trends of basic immunization coverage before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Solo Raya, Indonesia (2019-2021)

2026-08-28T12:36:00+07:00

Purpose: This study aimed to describe the temporal changes in monthly basic immunization coverage before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Solo Raya, Central Java, Indonesia, and identify implications for maintaining immunization services during health emergencies.

Methods: This descriptive study used the Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) approach. We obtained secondary data on monthly immunization coverage from January 2019 to August 2021 from the District Health Offices in Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Karanganyar, Klaten, and Sragen. Immunization indicators included BCG, Measles, HB0, DPT-HB-Hib, Polio, and IPV. We obtained additional COVID-19 case data from the Kawal COVID-19 dataset. We analyzed the data using time-series visualization and descriptive statistics. Document review and informal operational consultations supported the interpretation of quantitative findings.

Results: Before the pandemic, monthly immunization coverage showed relatively stable patterns across the study areas. During the pandemic, month-to-month fluctuations were more pronounced, with IPV coverage showing the greatest variability. The later period of the pandemic in 2021 also showed marked fluctuations in several indicators. Operational challenges during the pandemic include temporary suspension of Posyandu services, vaccine supply shortages, parental concerns about COVID-19 transmission, and reassignment of health workers to COVID-19 services. Catch-up immunization activities were also reported. Despite monthly fluctuations, annual immunization coverage remained above the national target of 95% across the study areas.

Conclusion: Routine childhood immunization coverage in Solo Raya showed greater monthly instability during the COVID-19 pandemic, despite relatively high annual coverage. Strengthening adaptive immunization services, maintaining vaccine availability, and implementing innovative service delivery strategies may help sustain routine immunization services during future public health emergencies.

Birth spacing, health insurance, source of drinking water, and low birth weight in Indonesia

2026-08-28T10:11:02+07:00

Purpose: Low birth weight (LBW) in Indonesia is a major concern and must be addressed immediately, as it affects human resource quality. The study aimed to determine the proximate, intermediate, and distal factors associated with LBW in Indonesia.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional design to estimate the association between risk factors and LBW in Indonesia using data sources from the 2012 IDHS and 2017 IDHS. We identified women who gave birth in the past five years and had only a singleton baby as eligible respondents.

Results: Infants living in Sumatera (aOR= 0.57; 95% CI= 0.32-0.99) and rural areas (aOR= 0.69; 95% CI= 0.50-0.97) were protective of LBW than those living in Papua and Maluku and their urban counterparts. Meanwhile, households with an improved source of drinking water had a higher risk of LBW than households with an unimproved source (aOR= 1.45; 95% CI= 1.06-1.97). The odds of LBW were four times higher among mothers who never married than among others (aOR= 3.57; 95% CI= 1.08-11.81). The risk of LBW was also higher for mothers who delivered by cesarean section than for those who had no cesarean section/vaginal delivery (aOR= 1.75; 95% CI=1.21-2.52). Furthermore, female infants were approximately 1.35 times more likely to have LBW than male infants (aOR=1.35; 95% CI=1.00-1.83). Although health insurance ownership was not associated with LBW, the data show differences in the number of respondents with and without health insurance.

Conclusion: Residence area, marital status, cesarean section, and infant sex were significant determinants of LBW. A public health strategy should implement targeted antenatal counseling for vulnerable groups such as rural mothers and unmarried mothers by establishing standard protocols for monitoring fetal growth within routine antenatal care services.

Safety leadership and its impact on workers' safety behavior in the mining industry sector: A systematic review

2026-11-02T14:22:05+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to systematically evaluate empirical evidence related to safety leadership domains and their influence on workers’ safety behavior in the mining sector.

Methods: A systematic review was conducted between September and December 2025 following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, and BioMed Central (BMC). Eligible studies were screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The review protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD420251083287). Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools.

Results: A total of 276 records were identified, of which seven studies met the eligibility criteria—the included studies comprised six quantitative and one qualitative study conducted in mining and other high-risk industries. Across studies, safety leadership was consistently associated with improved safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, and reduced unsafe behavior. Management commitment, safety communication with feedback, and safety training emerged as the most frequently reported leadership domains associated with positive safety outcomes. Several studies also identified psychological safety and employee engagement as potential mechanisms linking safety leadership to workers’ safety behavior.

Conclusion: The available evidence suggests that safety leadership plays an important role in promoting positive safety behaviors among workers in the mining sector. Leadership practices emphasizing management commitment, active safety communication, and safety training appear to be most consistently associated with improved safety outcomes. However, interpret these findings cautiously because of the limited number of included studies and variations in study characteristics.

Improving food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices: A pre-post study across 34 Indonesian Provinces to inform the Free Nutritious Meals Program

2026-08-28T16:01:25+07:00

Purpose: This study aims to analyze trends in Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) scores on food safety from Village Food Safety Movement (VFSM) program documentation and inform insights for implementing the Free Nutritious Meals Program.

Methods: This study used a descriptive design with a retrospective longitudinal (pre-post) approach, using secondary data from survey reports conducted in 2024 across 232 villages in 34 Indonesian provinces that were intervened in by the VFSM Program, involving 10,909 respondents.

Results: The results showed improvement in the proportion of food safety KAP scores across all respondent groups. However, the KAP scores remained below the good performance benchmark (80%). Knowledge and practice scores remain in the moderate performance range, while attitude scores remain poor.

Conclusion: The community-level food safety KAP gap (a finding from VFSM) represents a challenge that may potentially increase the risk of foodborne diseases and food loss and waste. Future studies should explore whether these KAP scores are directly associated with foodborne diseases, food loss, and waste. Therefore, further studies are needed to assess the intervention's direct impact and its implications for the government's priority programs, such as VFSM and the Free Nutritious Meals Program.