Yield and Extraction Rate Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds from Eucheuma cottonii, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gracilaria sp. using Subcritical Water Extraction

  • Fesa Putra Kristianto Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
  • Siti Machmudah Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
  • Sugeng Winardi Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Kampus ITS, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
  • Wahyudiono Department of Material Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8063, Japan
  • Motonobu Goto Department of Material Process Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8063, Japan
Keywords: Eucheuma cottonii, Ganoderma lucidum, Gracilaria sp, Subcritical Water Extraction, kinetics model

Abstract

Eucheuma cottonii (E. cottonii), Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum), and Gracilaria sp. are plants that contain high phytochemicals, such as flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, and tannins. In this work, the phytochemicals were obtained using the subcritical water extraction (SWE) process. The SWE method uses water as a solvent in subcritical conditions. Therefore, the SWE process is an environmentally friendly process for extraction. In order to run the SWE process optimally, measurement of the extraction rate of SWE is needed. Calculation of the extraction rate of SWE process used first and second-order models according to Lagergren equation. SWE process was started by setting temperatures from 140 to 180oC at a pressure of 7 MPa and solvent flow rate of 1 ml/min. Before starting the extraction, the raw material was loaded into the extractor. The raw materials used were E. cottonii, G. lucidum, and Gracilaria sp. The extraction process was carried out for 3 hours, and the product was collected every 30 minutes. The collected product was put into a sample bottle and dried using a freeze dryer. After that, the products obtained were balanced by an analytical scale. Based on the result, the optimum temperature for the SWE process was 180oC for E. cottonii and G. lucidum and 160oC for Gracilaria sp. The yields of the SWE process under the optimum temperature were 85.37%, 58.42%, and 75.73% for E. cottonii, G. lucidum, and Gracilaria sp, respectively. The extract contained phytochemical compounds detected by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. The kinetics model of extraction rate for all variables exhibited a second-order kinetics model that indicated that the extraction process was influenced by more than one factor.

References

1. Asl A.H., Khajenoori M., (2013), Subcritical Water Extraction, Mass Transfer - Advances in Sustainable Energy and Environment Oriented Numerical Modeling, Hironori Nakajima, IntechOpen, DOI: 10.5772/54993. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/books/mass-transfer-advances-in-sustainable-energy-and-environment-oriented-numerical-modeling/subcritical-water-extraction
2. Budrat P., Shotipruk A., (2008), Enhanced Recovery of Phenolic Compound from Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) by Subcritical Water Extraction, Separation and Purification Technology, 66, p. 125-129.
3. Ho Y-S, (2004), Citation Review of Lagergren Kinetic Rate Equation on Adsorption Reactions. Scientometrics, 59, p. 171–177.
4. Ho, Shan Y., Harouna-Oumarou H. A., Fauduet H., and Porte C., (2005), Kinetics and Model Building of Leaching of Water-Soluble Compounds of Tilia Sapwood, Separation and Purification Technology, 45, p. 169–173.
5. Indria E.P., Sumardianto, Ulfa A., (2017), Phytochemical Compound Screening of Sargassum sp. and It’s Activity as Antibacterial Against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, Indonesia Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology, 12, p. 2.
6. Jovanovic M., Rajic N., Obradovic B., (2012), Novel kinetic model of the removal of divalent heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions by natural clinoptilolite, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 233-234, p. 57-64.
7. Jumaidin R., Sapuan S.M., Jawaid M., Ishak R.M., and Sahari J., (2017), Characteristics of Eucheuma cottonii Waste from East Malaysia Physical, Thermal and Chemical Composition, European Journal of Phycology, 52, p. 200-207.
8. Khajenoori M., Haghighi Asl A., Hormozi F., (2009), Proposed Models for Subcritical Water Extraction of Essential Oils, Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17, p. 359-365.
9. Kubatova A., Jansen B., Vaudoisot J. F., Hawthorne S. B., (2002), Thermodynamic and Kinetic Models for The Extraction Essential Oil from Savory and Polyclyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil with Hot (Subcritical) Water and Supercritical CO2, Journal of Chromatography A, 975, p. 175-188.
10. Kubatova A., Lagadec A.J.M., Miller, Hawthorne S.B., (2001), Selective Extraction of Oxygentes from Savory and Peppermint using Subcritical Water, Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 16, p. 64-75.
11. Li Y-Q, Wang S-F, (2006), Anti-hepatitis B activities of ganoderic acid from Ganoderma lucidum, Biotechnology Letters, 28, p. 837–841.
12. Machmudah S., Widiyastuti, Winardi S., Wahyudiono, Kanda H., Goto M., (2017), Sub and Supercritical Fluids Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds from Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp., Chemical Engineering Transactions, 56, p. 1291-1296.
13. Milliren A.L., Wissinger J.C., Gottumukala V., Schall C.A., (2013), Kinetics of soybean oil hydrolysis in subcritical water, Fuel, 108, p. 288-281.
14. Min-Jung K., Chan-Ick C., Sang-Woo C., Myung-Soo C., (2011), Subcritical Water Extraction of Flavonol Quercetin from Onion Skin, Journal of Food Engineering, 102, p. 327-333.
15. Setyorini D., Aanisah R., Machmudah S., Winardi S., Wahyudiono, Kanda H., Goto M., (2018), Extraction of Phytochemical Compounds from Eucheuma cottonii and Gracilaria sp using Supercritical CO2 Followed by Subcritical Water, MATEC Web of Conferences 156, 03051.
16. Su C.-H., Yang Y.-Z., Ho H.-O., Hu C.-H., Sheu M.-T., (2001), High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis for the Characterization of Triterpenoids from Ganoderma, Journal of Chromatographic Science, 39, p. 93-100.
17. Suriyavathana M., Palanisamy S., Subramanian S., Selvaraj S., Mari K.R., Kuppulingam R., (2016), Phytochemical Profile of Erythrina Variegata by Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy Analyses, Journal of Acupuncture and Meridian Studies, 9, p. 207-212.
18. Yan Z., Zhang H., Dzah C.S., Zhang J., Diao C., Ma H., Duan Y., (2020), Subcritical Water Extraction, Identification, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activity of Polyphenols from Lotus Seedpod, Separation and Purification Technology, 236, 116217.
19. Yu X., Zhang X., Yan X. H., Zhang J. L., et al., (2019), Characterization, Hypolipidemic and Antioxidant Activities of Degraded Polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidium, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 135, p. 706-71
Published
2021-06-30
How to Cite
Kristianto, F. P., Machmudah, S., Winardi, S., Wahyudiono, & Goto, M. (2021). Yield and Extraction Rate Analysis of Phytochemical Compounds from Eucheuma cottonii, Ganoderma lucidum, and Gracilaria sp. using Subcritical Water Extraction. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 21(1), 27-37. Retrieved from https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/v3/AJChE/article/view/9145
Issue
Vol 21 No 1 (2021)
Section
Articles

Copyright holder for articles is ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. Articles published in ASEAN J. Chem. Eng. are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. 

Authors agree to transfer all copyright rights in and to the above work to the ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Editorial Board so that the Editorial Board shall have the right to publish the work for non-profit use in any media or form. In return, authors retain: (1) all proprietary rights other than copyright; (2) re-use of all or part of the above paper in their other work; (3) right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above paper for authors’ personal use or for company use if the source and the journal copyright notice is indicated, and if the reproduction is not made for the purpose of sale.