Photodegradation of Chlordane in Soil and Water Matrix Using Induced UV and Solar Light
Abstract
The photodegradation of chlordane in soil and water matrix using induced ultraviolet (UV) radiation and solar light was evaluated in this study. A batch photolytic reactor equipped with a low-pressure mercury lamp (17 W) sterilight ultraviolet (UV) lamp with a supplied wavelength of 254nm was used in the photodegradation experiments. The pesticide’s initial concentration in water was varied using three different concentrations (0.80, 2.60, and 8.0 mg/L) and soil samples were prepared at three different dosages (0.20, 2.0, and 4.0 mg/kg). At preferred time intervals, samples were withdrawn from the reactor. The pH and temperature of the samples were continuously monitored. Samples were extracted using solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the degradation of components was verified using a GC-ECD setup. Solar experiments were conducted during the months of April and May (140 33.971’N, 1200 59.515’E); with a mean sunlight intensity of 85,187.5 lux. Results of the photodegradation experiments using the batch photolytic reactor showed an average of 91.65% degradation of the chlordane pesticide dissolved in water after hours of exposure to UV light. High degradation efficiencies were achieved at higher chlordane initial concentrations. For solar photodegradation experiments, an average of 71.59% degradation was achieved. Photodegradation in soil showed an average of 62.54% degradation of the compound. As such, percentage degradation increases as the initial concentration of the pollutant increases. Further, solar photodegradation experiments in soil samples showed an approximate 56.35% degradation of the compound throughout the duration of the experiment. Chloride-ion analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipment was conducted at chlordane aqueous solution. At higher chlordane concentrations, higher chloride ion concentrations in the solution were achieved. As such, more chloride ions detached themselves from the parent compound every two hours of sampling time and soon reached an almost steady state concentration at a maximum exposure time of eight hours.
References
2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, 1994b). Toxicological Profile for Chlordane (Update). U.S. Department of Human and Health Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA.
3. Albanis T.A., and Konstantinou I.K. (1993). Photodegradation of selected herbicides in various natural waters and soil-sorbed phase under environmental conditions, Abstr. Paper Am. Chem. Society, Volume 217, No. 6, pp. 344-359.
4. ARRPET-DLSU (2004). “Annual Progress Report,” De La Salle University.
5. Albanis, T.A., D.G. Hela. T.M. Sakellarides, and I.K. Konstantinou. (1998). “Monitoring of pesticides residues and their metabolites in surface and underground waters of Imathia (N. Greece) by means of solid phase extraction disks and gas chromatography.” J. ARRPET Chromatogr. 823:59–71.
6. Bryant, E.A., Fulton, G.P., and Budd, G.C. (1992). Disinfection Alternatives for Safe Drinking Water, Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
7. Centeno, C.R., Abella, L.C., and Gallardo, S.M. (2003). Preliminary Study on the Degradation of PCBs in Oil and Water using Photolysis, UV/H2 O2 and UV/TiO2, In: Proceedings of ARRPET National Workshop 2003. [Conference papers]
8. Dearth, M.A., and Hites, R.A. (1990). “Highly Chlorinated Dimethanofluorenes in Technical Chlordane and in Human Adipose Tissue.” J.Am. Soc. Mass. Spectrum. 1:99-103.
9. Fishel, F. (1997). “Pesticides and the Environment,” Agricultural MU Guide, University Extension, University of Missouri- Columbia.
10. Hebert, V.R., and Miller, G.C. (1990). “Depth dependence of direct and indirect photolysis on soil surfaces, “J. Agric. Food. Chem. 38:913–918.
11. Kirk-Othmer (1995). Insect Control Technology, Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. J.I. Kroschwitz, ed. Wiley-Interscience Publication, New York.
12. Lin Y.J., Lin C., Yeh K.J., and Lee A. (2000). Photodegradation of the herbicides Butachlor and Ronstar using Natural sunlight and Diethyl-Amine, Bull. Environ. Contamination. Toxicology.
13. Mabury, S.A., and Wilson, R.I. (2000). Photodegradation of Metolachlor: Isolation, Identification and Quantification of Monochloroacetic acid.” J. Agric. Food Chem. Volume 48: 944-950.
14. Meister, R.T., ed. (1992). Farm Chemicals Handbook ‘92. Meister Publishing Co., Willoughby, OH.
15. Murov, S.L., Carmichael, I., and Hug, G.L. (1993). Handbook of Photochemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York.
16. Tabak H.H., Quave S.A., Mashni C.L., et al. (1981a). “Biodegradability studies for predicting the environmental fate of organic priority pollutants,” Test protocols for environmental fate and movement of Toxicants. Symposium Proceedings of the Association of Official Anal Chem. 94th annual meeting. Washington, DC, 267- 328.
17. Tabak H.H., Quave S.A., Mashni C.L., et al. (1981b). “Biodegradability studies with organic priority pollutant compounds.” J Water Pollut Control Fed 53:1503-1518. Weston International. (1997). Soil and Water Baseline Study Report. Weston International USA.
Copyright holder for articles is ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering. Articles published in ASEAN J. Chem. Eng. are distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.
Authors agree to transfer all copyright rights in and to the above work to the ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering Editorial Board so that the Editorial Board shall have the right to publish the work for non-profit use in any media or form. In return, authors retain: (1) all proprietary rights other than copyright; (2) re-use of all or part of the above paper in their other work; (3) right to reproduce or authorize others to reproduce the above paper for authors’ personal use or for company use if the source and the journal copyright notice is indicated, and if the reproduction is not made for the purpose of sale.
