Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Coffee and Its By-products: A Bibliometric Review of Process Readiness and Valorization
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.28776Keywords:
Bioactive compound, Coffee valorization, Extraction, Process readiness, Solvent systemAbstract
The isolation of bioactive substances from coffee and its by-products has attracted growing scientific interest due to the increased focus on sustainability and resource valorization. Although research on the extraction of bioactive compounds from coffee has expanded rapidly over the last decade, the development of integrated, industrially relevant processing strategies remains limited. This study presents a bibliometric and process-oriented review of the extraction of caffeine, phenolic compounds, and lipid fractions from coffee matrices and coffee by-products published between 2010 and 2025. Publication trends, dominant journals and countries, collaboration networks, and keyword associations were analyzed using Scopus-indexed data processed with RStudio (R Environment version 4.5.2), VOSviewer (version 1.6.20), and Microsoft Excel. The results demonstrate continuous growth in research output, supported by multidisciplinary contributions from food science, chemistry, and chemical engineering. Extraction methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were found to be strongly associated with specific compound classes, solvent systems, and feedstocks. Increasing interest in coffee by-products, particularly spent coffee grounds (SCG), silverskin, pulp, husk, and cascara, also reflects the growing emphasis on the valorization of coffee waste. However, factorial analyses indicate that current research remains dominated by laboratory-scale extraction studies, with limited attention to process integration, solvent recovery, downstream processing, continuous operation, and scale-up considerations. In addition, coffee by-products are still predominantly investigated as isolated feedstocks rather than as interconnected streams within integrated biorefinery systems. Overall, the literature demonstrates substantial methodological maturity but limited readiness for process integration, scalability, and industrial implementation. This bibliometric and process-oriented analysis provides a strategic framework for identifying critical gaps between laboratory-scale extraction research and industrial-scale coffee valorization. The findings highlight the need for future studies to move beyond isolated extraction optimization toward integrated biorefinery development involving sequential extraction, solvent recovery, continuous processing, and system-level assessments such as techno-economic and life-cycle analyses to support a scalable, sustainable, and economically feasible coffee bioactive extraction system.
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