Production of Sodium Lignosulfonate Surfactant from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Lignin using Ultrasound-assisted Method
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.27301Keywords:
Lignin, Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, Sodium Lignosulfonate, UltrasoundAbstract
Global demand for surfactants is increasing, but petroleum-based materials still dominate the market. Given the environmental factors involved, the use of biomass-based surfactants is becoming increasingly popular, with lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunches as one example. However, the process still relies on conventional methods that are time-consuming and inefficient. An ultrasound-assisted intensification approach can reduce processing time. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the production of sodium lignosulfonate surfactants from oil palm empty fruit bunches via delignification and sulfonation using an ultrasonic homogenizer, and to analyze the effects of reaction time and ultrasonic power on the surfactant’s characteristics. Lignin was first isolated via alkaline delignification at 70°C for 60 min, followed by acid precipitation with 98% sulfuric acid at pH 2. The sulfonation process was carried out in a batch reactor at 90°C and atmospheric pressure in an aqueous solution with an initial pH of 4–5, using ultrasonic power of 210–297 W and reaction times of 50–90 min. The results showed that lignin composition by precipitation was 89.16%, with the highest sodium lignosulfonate surfactant yield of 57.14% at 297 W and 70 min during sulfonation. The substance has strong hydrophilic properties and potential as an emulsifier, as evidenced by its dark brown color, pH of 6.6, and HLB value of 10–13.
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