Cellulose-Based Materials for Neural Tissue Engineering: From Scaffolds to Interfaces - A Review
Abstract
Cellulose and its derivatives have emerged as versatile natural polymer platforms for neural tissue engineering due to their intrinsic biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, and tunable biodegradability. Recent advances demonstrate that cellulose-based materials can be engineered to reproduce key structural and physicochemical features of the neural extracellular matrix, including polysaccharide-rich architectures and fibrillar topographies that support neuronal adhesion, alignment, and network formation. Bacterial cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl cellulose, and their composite systems exhibit hydrogel-forming capability and abundant chemically active functional groups, enabling chemical modification, injectability, and controlled delivery of bioactive agents. Importantly, the incorporation of conductive fillers or chemical modification strategies has enabled electrically active cellulose-based scaffolds with conductivities spanning approximately 7.8 × 10⁻⁷ to 0.49 S cm⁻¹, while largely preserving cytocompatibility, positioning these materials as promising candidates for electrically responsive scaffolds and long-term neuronal interfaces. Despite these advances, challenges remain in achieving precise control over mechanical properties, degradation kinetics, and long-term electrical stability under physiological conditions. This review critically examines the progress in cellulose-derived materials for neural tissue engineering and neuronal interface fabrication, with an emphasis on material composition, fabrication methodologies, structure-property-function relationships, and current limitations, and outlines future directions for the rational design of multifunctional cellulose-based neural biomaterials.
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