MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF EARLY DAYS TO FLOWERINGON LOCAL RICE ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM PONOROGO

Morphological Variation of Early Days to Floweringon Local Rice Accessions Collected from Ponorogo, Local rice germplasm may play an important role in improving rice quality. One of the important to improve rice cultivar trait is days to flowering. Ponorogo is one of district of center rice production area where the farmers cultivate local rice varieties whichis early days to flowering or short vegetative phase. Exploration of local early days to flowering rice accessions in Ponorogo resulted in 9 accessions. Flowering times ranged 51 to 91 days after sowing. Based on morphological variation, there were variation of plant height, number of leaves, number of tiller, number of panicle, number of grains per panicle, flowering time, grain size and weight of 100 grains. Morphological dendrogram made possible to identify three groups at high similarity of morphology 0.88. The information of genetic similarity and cluster analysis will guide breeder in selecting parents for crossing program.


INTRODUCTION
Rice belongs to the genus Oryza within the Poaceae family.The Oryza genus has given a rise to rice (Oryza sativa L.), a major source of nutrition for about two-third of mankind (Vaughan et al., 2003).There are three subspecies of Oryza sativa cultivated around the world, e.g japonica, indica and javanica.In Indonesia, the rice cultivated belongs to most of subspecies javanica.It has been different traits to japonica and indica.There are about 14.12 million hectares of rice land, which provide around 75.4 million tons of rough rice annually (BPS, 2016).
Improving rice cultivars is being developed in many countries (Wang et al, 2013;Torres and Henry, 2016).Some of researches reported that improvement of rice trait aimed to increase the high yield with tolerance into abiotic (Swain et al., 2017;Zu et al., 2017) and biotic (Abdullah, 2006), resistance to pest and diseases (Ladja and Widiarta, 2012;Arunakamari et al, 2016;Wu et al., 2017).One of the important to improve rice traits is days to flowering (Utami et al, 2011).In rice breeding, the effect of flowering time genes become major interest since one of flowering time controlling gene, Ghd7, can control the number of grain per panicle (Pushphakumari and Geekiyanage, 2017).
To conduct rice breeding in early days to flowering trait, exploration and characterization of rice germplasm are necessary.Local rice germplasm may play an important role in improving rice quality.In Indonesia has many local rice varieties with special morphological traits as genetic resources.Unfortunately, diversity of local rice cultivars decreases caused by most of the farmers cultivate leading rice cultivars only as consumer preferred (Afza, 2016;Bakhtiar et al, 2011).
Ponorogo is one of center rice production area.In Ponorogo, the farmers cultivate local rice varieties with early days to flowering trait.The farmers cultivate early days to flowering rice varieties between rice -rice planting time or on February -March .Ponorogo still have isolated areas that the farmers still plant local rice variety.This local varieties were known having good taste, early days to flowering, and high characteristic that can be potential traits to develop.
In this case, study of morphological variation is important for conserving, evaluating, and utilizing genetic resources; and for studying the diversity of prebreeding and breeding germplasm for developing early days to flowering on rice.Study of morphological variation is necessary for identifying diverse parental combination with high variation for selection.

Method Exploration of rice germplasm
Exploration of rice germplasm was carried out from February to March 2017 in Ponorogo, East Java.The exploration was conducted where rice farmers cultivate local rice as rice germplasms source.The data recorded of early days to flowering rice varieties in the area.Local rice seed with early days to flowering was collected for field experiment.

Field Experiment
Local rice accessions with early days to flowering collected from Ponorogo were grown at greenhouse, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Darussalam Gontor, Ponorogo, East Java, Indonesia.The experiment was laid out completely randomized design with 11 replications.The seed were sown at pot and the water maintained at field capacity level.Manual weeding, pest and disease management was applied at regular intervals.Organic fertilizer application was applied at 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 6 weeks after sown.
The rice germplasm was observed of morphological traits.The details of data recorded of plant high, number of tiller, number of panicle, days to flowering, harvest time, number of grains per panicle, grain size and weight of 100 grains.

NIKEN TRISNANINGRUM AND ALFU LAILA  MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF EARLY DAYS TO FLOWERINGON LOCAL RICE ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM PONOROGO
The statistical differences among accessions with morphological traits were analyzed from ANOVA test, followed by Duncan New Multiple's Range Test (DMRT).A clustering of observations was performed to classify rice cultivar traits into groups.It was applied using the squared of Pearson distance between observations (the sum of square distances divided by variances).There are different seedbed areas of rice due to irrigation system in Ponorogo.The area with basin irrigation system has seedbed area in different location with wetlands.The farmers have been sowing with modern system and cultivating leading rice cultivars.In other areas, the farmers have seedbed and cultivation area of rice in one location.Those areas can find in Mlarak and Siman.The farmers use border irrigation system so that they can manage the water for seedbed.The farmers cultivate local rice with traditional cultivation.Nine accessions of local rice were collected from sub district Mlarak and Siman areas (Table 1).Four accessions were collected from Mlarak while five accessions were collected from Siman.Local name was called by farmers that might be it was different name in other area.Four accessions collected from Mlarak consisted of M1 (Beras Merah), M2 (Mlarak 1), M3 (Malihan Ketan) and M4 (Mlarak 2).Five accessions collected from Siman were S1 (Jaya), S2 (Ciherang Kuning), S3 (Philips), S4 (Ketan Lokal) and S5 (Legowo).Plant height, number of leaves and number of tiller (Table 2) showed variation among each accession.The highest plant is M2 (Mlarak 1) (121.4 cm), S1 (Jaya) (118.5 cm), and M3 (Malihan Ketan) (120.3 cm) while the shortest is M4 (Mlarak) (99.8 cm).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Previous research showed that plant height variation of rice line resulted crossing among Javanica, Japonica and Indica was125.70±16,42 cm (Dewi et al., 2009).S2 (Ciherang kuning) showed the most of number of leaves (51.4 cm) while S4 (Ketan Local) showed the least of number of leaves (18.9).M2 (Mlarak 1), M1(Beras Merah) and S3 (Philips)showed the most of number of tillers(7.6;7.9 and 8.1).S4 (Ketan Local) showed the least in both number of leaves (18.9 cm) and number of tiller (4.6).Local 'gogo' rice from Aceh varied from10 to 13 tillers per plant (Syahril, 2017).It showed that number of tiller of local rice from Ponorogo is lower than the others.Generative traits variation showed in table 3. Flowering time showed variation among each accession.Earliest days to flowering was identified in three accessions which was 51 days to flowering.They were S3 (Philips), S4 (Ketan Lokal)and M4 (Mlarak 2).They were followed by S2 (Ciherang Kuning) which was 69 days, then M1 (Beras Merah) 78 days to flowering.S5 (Legowo), M2 (Mlarak 1) and M4 (Mlarak 2) showed 81 days to flowering.S1 (Jaya) showed the latest flowering (90 days to flowering).Previous research showed that flowering time of rice line resulted crossing among Javanica, Japonica and Indicawas 85.8 ±7.2 days after sowing (Dewi et al., 2009).The earliest flowering of 'gogo' local rice in Aceh showed by Sigedul at 101 days after planting (Syahril, 2017) whereas in Banten showed by Ketan Mayang at 84 days after planting (Mulyaningsih and Indriyani, 2014).In West Sumatera, flowering time of local rice varied from 73.33 to 92 days after plant (Putih et al., 2011).In Sri Lanka, there was variation of flowering time of traditional rice accession.It ranged from 58 to 200+ days to flowering (Rathnathunga et al., 2016).It indicated that the local rice accessions from Ponorogo is most of earliest flowering than the previous researches.All of nine of local rice accessions were potential parental to be further selected for developing early days to flowering cultivar.
M2 (Mlarak 2)showed the most number of panicle (8.3 panicles), while S2 (Ciherang Kuning)showed the most number of grains per panicle (225 grains).Number of grains per panicle of local rice varieties of tidal swamp area in South Kalimantan varied from 96 to 215 grains per panicle (Wahdah et al., 2012).Other research showed that number of grain per panicle of local rice in West Sumatera ranged from 162.35 to 193.03 grains (Putih et al., 2011).M3 (Malihan Ketan) showed the heaviest of weight of 100 grains (2.747 grams).Previous research showed that weight of 100 grains of rice line resulted crossing among Javanica, Japonica and Indicawas 2.032 ± 0.693 grams (Dewi et al., 2009).Weight of 100 grams of local rice in previous research ranged from 1.91 to 3.54 grams (Mulyaningsih and Indriyani, 2014).

NIKEN TRISNANINGRUM AND ALFU LAILA  MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF EARLY DAYS
TO FLOWERINGON LOCAL RICE ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM PONOROGO Variation of grain length ranged from 6.5 to 10.294 mm while width grain ranged from 2.224 to 3.020 mm (Table 4).From previous research, grain length of IR 36 (Indica) was 8.84 mm while the width grain was 2.42 mm.In the others, grain length of Japonica was 7.6 mm while width grain was 3.12 mm (Su et al., 2012).
Ratio of grain length and width divided all accessions into two groups.There were medium and long grain.Figure 1 showed that the shape of each accession.Medium grain showed by S1 (Jaya), M1 (Beras Merah), S4 (Ketan Lokal), and M3(Malihan Ketan).Long grain included S2 (Ciherang Kuning), S3 (Philips), S5 (Legowo), M2 (Mlarak 1) and M4 (Mlarak 2).Table 5 was carried out for all variables to check the differences in their mean values among the groups obtained from the clustering stage.Group 1 was mostly characterized by the highest plant height, the most number of weight 100 grains, the shortest of grain length, the lightest of grain width and the lowest of length/width grain ratio.Group NIKEN TRISNANINGRUM AND ALFU LAILA  MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATION OF EARLY DAYS TO FLOWERINGON LOCAL RICE ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM PONOROGO 2 showed that most of leaves number, most of grain panicle number, the lightest of 100 grains weight, the longest of grains length, the shortest of width length and the highest of length/width grain ratio.Group 3 was formed by medium weight of 100 grains, length and width of grains and ration length/ with of grains.Based on yield component traits, it indicated that cluster 2 had the most of number of grains per panicle but the lightest of weight of 100 grains.In contrast, cluster 1 showed the heaviest of weight of 100 grains but medium of number of grains per panicle.

CONCLUSION
Exploration of local early days to flowering rice accessions in Ponorogo resulted in 9 accessions.Flowering times ranged 51 to 91 days to flowering.Based on morphological variation, there were variation of plant height, number of leaves, number of tiller, number of panicle, number of grains per panicle, flowering time, grain size and weight of 100 grains.Morphological dendogram made possible to identify three groups at high similarity of morphology 0.88.The information of genetic similarity and cluster analysis will guide breeder in selecting parents for crossing program.

Table 1 .
Nine local rice accessions collected from Ponorogo

Table 2 .
Vegetative traits of nine local rice accessions collected from Ponorogo

Code Name Local Name Plant height (cm) Number of leaves Number of tiller
Values reported were mean of eleven replications.Means in the same column with different letter are statistically different (Duncan New Multiple's Range Test, P<0.05).

Table 3 .
Generative traits of nine local rice accessions collected from Ponorogo Values reported were mean of eleven replications.Means in the same column with different letter are statistically different (Duncan New Multiple's Range Test, P<0.05).

Table 4 .
Rice grain shape and size traits of nine accessions collected from Ponorogo Values reported were mean of eleven replications.Means in the same column with different letter are statistically different (Duncan New Multiple's Range Test, P<0.05.

Table 5 .
Morphological values of nine rice local accessions for each cluster