* Corresponding Author
In vitro antibiofilm evaluation of ocimum basilicum extracts against enterococcus faecalis
https://doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.84185 Vera Yulina(1*), Yetty Herdiyati(2), Eka Chemiawan(3)
(1) Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
(2) Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
(3) Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is the main pathogenic bacterium in the root canal which is resistant to various antibacterial agents. Recently, the discovery of a new antibacterial agent research focus in herbal dentistry, one of which is basil leaves. Basil (kemangi) leaves (Ocimum basilicum) are herbs that have various active components as anti-biofilm agents. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of antibacterial potential of O. basilicum extract against the biofilm formation by E. faecalis. This research uses true experimental laboratory design. The kemangi leaves were gradually extracted with various polarity based organic solvents (n-hexane and ethyl acetate). The evaluation of the anti-biofilm activity of the extracts against E. faecalis aimed to determine the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values. Calcium hydroxide paste (calcipex) was used as a positive control. The assay data were analyzed using an independent paired T-test. Ethyl acetate, n-hexane extract of O. basilicum, and calcipex inhibited biofilm formation by E. faecalis with MBIC values of 100%, 100%, and 75.20% at the concentrations of 2.5%, 10%, and 3.13%, respectively. The MBEC values were 100%, 100%, and 71.01% at the concentrations of 5%, 2.5%, and 3.13%, respectively. The statistical analysis by ANOVA test on MBIC and MBEC showed significant differences with p-values < 0.05. Further statistical valuation with post hoc analysis showed highly significant differences with p-values < 0.01. This study has found that O. basilicum leaves extracts have the capacity and ability to inhibit and eradicate E. faecalis biofilms.
Keywords
Full Text:
6. Vera YulinaReferences
1. Deshpande A, Sudani U. Intracanal medicament in pediatric endodontics: a literature review. J Adv Med Dent Scie Res. 2015; 3(2): 63–68.
2. Daloğu M, Ulu Güzel KG. Root canal treatment for deciduous teeth: a review. Meandros
Medical and Dental Journal. 2017; 18(2): 80–85. doi: 10.4274/meandros.65375
3. Ab P, Jco S, Minatel M, Rm PR, Bolzan De Paula A, De Cássia J, et al. Antimicrobial
activity of two root canal filling pastes in deciduous teeth: an in vitro study. J Health
Sci. 2015; 17(1): 5–8. doi: 10.17921/2447-8938.2015v17n1p5-8
4. Jacobs JC. The Ability of new intracanal medicaments to prevent the formation of multispecies
biofilm on radicular dentin. Indiana University School of Dentistry: Thesis; 2017.
5. Jhajharia K, Parolia A, Shetty Kv, Mehta L. Biofilm in endodontics: A review. J Int Soc
Prev Community Dent. 2015; 5(1): 1-12. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.151956
6. Yoo YJ, Perinpanayagam H, Oh S, Kim AR, Han SH, Kum KY. Endodontic biofilms: contemporary and future treatment options. Restor Dent Endod. 2019; 44(1): e7.
doi: 10.5395/rde.2019.44.e7
7. Neelakantan P, Romero M, Vera J, Daood U, Khan AU, Yan A, et al. Biofilms in
Endodontics—current status and future directions. Int J Mol Sci. 2017; 18(8): 1748.
doi: 10.3390/ijms18081748
8. Garg N, Garg A. Texbook of Endodontics. Third Edit. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers
Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2014. 61–64.
9. Mallick R, Mohanty S, Behera S, Sarangi P, Nanda S, Satapathy SK. Enterococcus
faecalis: A resistant microbe in endodontics. Int J Contemp Dent Med Rev. 2014; 2014:
1–2. doi: 10.15713/ins.ijcdmr.5
10. Varadan P, Ganesh A, Konindala R, Nagendrababu V, Ashok R, Deivanayagam K. Comparison of the Antibacterial Efficacy of Alexidine and Chlorhexidine Against Enterococcus Faecalis: An in Vitro Study. Cureus. 2017; 9(10): e1805. doi: 10.7759/cureus.1805
11. Santoyo DrJMG, Cabral-Romero C, Hernandez-Delgadillo R, Hernanadez GRC, Martínez REO, Capetillo EGT, et al. Intracanal medicaments: A review. International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences. 2024; 10(1): 187–191. doi: 10.22271/oral.2024.v10.i1c.1909
12. 1Ahmad MZ, Sadaf D, Merdad KA, Almohaimeed A, Onakpoya IJ. Calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medication for postoperative pain during primary root canal therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of
Evidence-Based Dental Practice. 2022; 22(1): 101680. doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2021.101680
13. 1Purushothaman B, Prasannasrinivasan R, Suganthi P, Ranganathan B, Gimbun J, Shanmugam K. A comprehensive review on Ocimum basilicum. Journal of Natural
Remedies. 2018; 18(3): 71–85. doi: 10.18311/jnr/2018/21324
14. Prisinda D, Setiawan AS, Fatriadi F. Antibacterial potential of Ocimum sanctum oils in relation to Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212. Dent J (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi). 2018; 51(3): 104–107.
doi: 10.20473/j.djmkg.v51.i3.p104
15. Hardian R, Astuti N, Samadi K, Prasetyo EP. Daya antibakteri ekstrak daun belimbing
wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi linn) terhadap bakteri Enterococcus faecalis. Conservative Dentistry Journal. 2016; 6(2): 35–40.
16. Khaliq T, Waseem MA, Lone AM, Hassan QP. Oscimum sanctum extract inhibits growth of
Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial strains. Microb Pathog. 2018; 118: 211–213.
doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.040
17. Mahendran G, Vimolmangkang S. Chemical compositions, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and mosquito larvicidal activity of Ocimum americanum L. and Ocimum basilicum L. leaf essential oils. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2023; 23(1): 390. doi: 10.1186/s12906-023-04214-2
18. Sahu A, Nayak G, Bhuyan SK, Bhuyan R, Kar D, Kuanar A. A comprehensive review on nutritive value, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of Ocimum basilicum var. thyrsiflora. J Herbmed Pharmacol. 2023; 12(1): 1–12.
doi: 10.34172/jhp.2023.01
19. Hidayati ANA, Bahar Y. Efek daun kemangi (Ocimum Basilicum L.) terhadap bakteri
Staphylococcus Epidermidis. Sainteks. 2018; 15(1): 55-60.
20. Kong X, Liu X, Li J, Yang Y. Advances in pharmacological research of eugenol. Current
Opinion in Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014; 1(1): 8–11.
doi: 10.7178/cocam.7
21. Gartika M, Pramesti HT, Kurnia D, Satari MH. A terpenoid isolated from sarang
semut (Myrmecodia pendans) bulb and its potential for the inhibition and eradication
of Streptococcus mutans biofilm. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2018; 18(1): 151.
doi: 10.1186/s12906-018-2213-x
22. Kurnia D, Apriyanti E, Soraya C, Satari MH. Antibacterial flavonoids against oral bacteria
of Enterococcus Faecalis ATCC 29212 from Sarang Semut (Myrmecodia pendans) and its
inhibitor activity against enzyme MurA. Curr Drug Discov Technol. 2019; 16(3): 290–296.
doi: 10.2174/1570163815666180828113920
23. Li L, Yang X, Ju W, Li J, Yang X. Impact of primary molars with periapical disease on permanent successors: A retrospective radiographic study. Heliyon. 2023; 9(5): e15854. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15854
24. Hetrodt F, Lausch J, Meyer-Lueckel H, Conrads G, Apel C. Evaluation of Restorative Materials Containing Preventive Additives in a Secondary Caries Model in vitro. Caries Res. 2019; 53(4): 447–456. doi: 10.1159/000496401
25. Mulimani P, Popowics T. Effect of orthodontic appliances on the oral environment and
microbiome. Frontiers in Dental Medicine. 2022; 3. doi: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.924835
26. Duah Boakye Y, Osafo N, Amaning Danquah C, Adu F, Agyare C. Antimicrobial Agents:
Antibacterial Agents, Anti-biofilm Agents, Antibacterial Natural Compounds, and Antibacterial Chemicals. In: Antimicrobials, Antibiotic Resistance, Antibiofilm Strategies and Activity Methods; 2019. 1–22. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.82560
27. Cruz CD, Shah S, Tammela P. Defining conditions for biofilm inhibition and eradication
assays for Gram-positive clinical reference strains. BMC Microbiology. 2018; 18(1): 1–9.
doi: 10.1186/s12866-018-1321-6
28. Chen X, Shang F, Meng Y, Li L, Cui Y, Zhang M, et al. Ethanol extract of Sanguisorba
officinalis L. inhibits biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in
an ica-dependent manner. J Dairy Sci. 2015; 98(12): 8486–8491.
doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9899
29. Suwannakul S, Yuakyaung S, Chaisomboon N. Effect of purified curcuminoids on
enterococcus faecalis and its biofilm. International Journal of Clinical Preventive Dentistry. 2014; 10(2): 71–78. doi: 10.15236/ijcpd.2014.10.2.71
30. Tetti M. Ekstraksi, pemisahan senyawa, dan identifikasi senyawa aktif. Jurnal Kesehatan.
2014; 7(2): 361–367. doi: 10.24252/kesehatan.v7i2.55
31. Macià MD, Rojo-Molinero E, Oliver A. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing in biofilmgrowing
bacteria. Clin Microbiol Infec. 2014; 20(10): 981-990. doi: 10.1111/1469-0691.12651
32. Rachmawati HD, Aprilia, Parisihni K. Efektivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Daun Mangrove Acanthus
ilicifolius Terhadap Biofilm Enterococcus faecalis. Denta. 2015; 9(2): 136–145.
33. Wangi RPL, Suswati E, Wisudanti DD. Aktivitas Ekstrak Metanol Bawang Putih (Allium
sativum) sebagai Penghambat Pembentukan Biofilm pada Pseudomonas aeruginosa (The
Activity of Methanolic Extract of Garlic (Allium sativum) in Inhibiting Growth of Biofilm in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Jurnal Pustaka Kesehatan. 2017; 5(3): 537–543.
34. Astuti P, Saifullah TN, Wulanjati MP, Yosephine AD, Ardianti D. Basil essential oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) activities on Streptococcus mutans growth, biofilm formation and degradation and its stability in micro-emulsion mouthwash formula. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and
Clinical Research. 2016; 8(1): 26–32.
35. Khot AJP, Ankola AV, Dodamani S, Sankeshwari RM, Kumar RS, Santhosh VN. Assessment of potential antimicrobial activity of Ocimum basilicum extract and chlorhexidine against Socransky’s complex pathogens of oral cavity: An in vitro study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2023; 27(5): 479–486. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_406_22
36. Silalahi M. Minyak Essensial Pada Kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.). Jurnal Pro-Life. 2018;
5(2): 557–566.
37. Dharsono HDA, Putri SA, Kurnia D, Dudi D, Satari MH. Ocimum species: a review on chemical constituents and antibacterial activity. Molecules. 2022; 27(19): 6350.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27196350
38. Silva VA, Sousa JP, Guerra FQS, Pessôa HLF, Freitas AFR, Alves LBN, et al. Antibacterial activity of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and linalool on bacterial isolates of clinical importance. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research. 2015; 7(6): 1066–1071.
39. Greay SJ, Hammer KA. Recent developments in the bioactivity of mono- and diterpenes:
anticancer and antimicrobial activity. Phytochem Rev. 2015; 14(1): 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s11101-011-9212-6
40. Turahman T. Aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak dan fraksi herba kemangi (Ocimum Sanctum
L) Terhadap Staphylococcus Aureus dan Pseudomonas Aeruginosa. Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia. 2019; 16(2): 90–97. doi: 10.31001/jfi.v16i2.596
41. Rikmasari R, Zubaedah C, Dian H, Dharsono A, Herdiyati Y, Kurnia D, et al. Antibacterial
potential of kemangi (Ocimum basilicum L.) against pathogenic oral bacteria : an in vitro
study. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants. 2020; 14(1): 8–14.
doi: 10.3923/rjmp.2020.Research
42. Louis SL, Salni S, Nita S. Pengaruh Pemberian Fraksi Daun Kemangi (Ocimum americanum L.) terhadap Berat, Diameter, Tebal Epitel Epididimis, Motilitas dan Viabilitas Spermatozoa Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Kesehatan. 2019; 10(1): 25–33. doi: 10.26630/jk.v10i1.1079
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/majkedgiind.84185
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 749
| 
views : 463
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2024 Majalah Kedokteran Gigi Indonesia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.