Politeness Strategies of Requests in the TV Series Grey’s Anatomy Season 2

This study explores the use of politeness strategies of requests in the TV Series Grey’s Anatomy Season 2. The request strategies were classified based on the politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The results showed that out of the 274 requests found in the TV series, 132 requests (48.18%) were expressed using the bald on-record strategy, 108 occurrences (39.42%) using the negative politeness strategy, 25 occurrences (9.12%) using the positive politeness strategy, and nine occurrences (3.28%) using the off-record politeness strategy. For power, the characters of Grey’s Anatomy Season 2 tend to speak to their interlocutors depending on the power that they have between them. Meanwhile, as for the social distance, the speakers tend to ignore the differences in power that exist between them. The familiarity between the speakers and interlocutors influences them to use direct strategies despite the differences in power.

In the last decade, a number of studies have been conducted on politeness strategies.Charismawati (2013), for example, investigated the positive and negative politeness strategies of refusals in three American drama movies.She identified and classified the positive and negative politeness strategies in the movies using negative and positive politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987).The results showed that out of the 73 refusals used in the movies, 32 (43.8%) were expressed using positive politeness strategies and 41 (56.2%) using negative politeness strategies.The most frequently used politeness strategy is positive politeness strategy #13 (give or ask for a reason), with 7 (21.8%)strategies.Lailia (2019) examined the initiating acts as well as the positive and negative politeness strategies of refusals in the TV Series Modern Family Season 1.
In this research, Lailia also used the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987).The result showed that there were 126 refusals found in the Modern Family TV Series Season 1.The most frequently found initiating acts of refusals in the TV Series were found with 69 (54.8%) occurrences.The results also showed that 98 refusals were expressed using positive and negative politeness strategies.
Another research by Kurniawan (2015) examined politeness strategies by Russell Peters in his Red, White, and Brown stand-up comedy show.
The data used in this research were bits or jokes which attacked or involved the audience during the show.The theory used in the research was Brown and Levinson's politeness strategies (1987).The results of this research showed that Russell Peters used four politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson.In this research, Kurniawan found 11 (7.2%) bald on-record strategies, 97 (63.4%) positive politeness strategies, 18 (11.8%)negative politeness strategies, and 27 (17.6%)off-record strategies.Muftiarizqi (2015) also studied politeness strategies.She investigated a movie entitled Bel Ami.
This research focused on the politeness strategies used by George as the main character.She identified and categorized the politeness strategies that were used in the film and identified the most frequently used politeness strategies by upper-class characters.She also used Brown and Levinson's classification of politeness strategies.According to the findings of the study, there are 61 speech acts found that include politeness strategies.Context Cutting (2002, p. 3) identifies three types of contexts: situational context, background knowledge context, and co-textual context.Situational context refers to where the situation is taking place.Interpersonal knowledge refers to what the speaker and the hearer know about each other that makes them familiar.Cotextual context refers to when both of the people who are involved in the conversation know about what they are discussing.Speech Acts Austin (1962, p. 12) defines speech acts as performance in saying something.He states that there are three ways contrasted among the kinds of acts that are performed, which are locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts.
Locutionary act is the act of speaking when the speaker says the literal meaning of the words.An illocutionary act is the act of speaking with clear purposes.Meanwhile, a perlocutionary act is the response or reaction from the hearer after the speaker says something.

LITERATURE REVIEW THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Request Blum-Kulka & Olshtain (1984) established a crosslinguistic scale of directness based on request strategy taxonomy.Theoretically, requesting strategies can be classified as direct, conventional indirect, or nonconventional indirect.
The direct request strategy is the most direct and explicit level request strategy.The use of this strategy is usually marked with the use of imperatives.Conventionally indirect request strategy actualizes the act of request by making reference to the contextual preconditions required for the performance of the act.The last one is nonconventionally indirect, which is the act of asking a request by using contextual hints/clues.Politeness Strategies Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 61) believed that each person has two types of faces or wishes: positive face and negative face.The wish to be liked, approved of, valued, and admired by others is reflected in the positive face, while the desire to be free to behave as one wishes is reflected in the negative face.
A politeness strategy is when speakers attempt to minimize the threat and choose a particular method for structuring their communicative contributions based on the result of the calculation.When speakers are faced with the possibility of performing a face-threatening act (FTA), their calculations lead to a decision that results in five potential communication options to minimize the threat.Brown and Levinson (1987) divided politeness strategies into four main types: bald onrecord, negative politeness, positive politeness, and off record.

Bald on-record
Say something as it is.Bald on record means that the speaker expresses their intention in the most direct, clear, and unambiguous ways possible.This strategy is most commonly used in the urgency or efficiency situation or when the speaker has a close relationship with the hearer.

Positive Politeness
This strategy is used to avoid offending the hearer by emphasizing friendliness by shortening the distance between the speaker and the hearer.This strategy is done to make the hearer feel good about themselves.

Negative Politeness
This strategy is oriented toward the hearer's negative face and emphasizes avoidance of imposition on the hearer.This strategy is usually expressed through questions to emphasize the distance between the speaker and the hearer.

Off-record
This is an indirect strategy since it involves violating conversational norms in order to demonstrate/utter the sentences.

Power and Social Distance
According to Brown and Levinson's (1987, p. 76) politeness theory, speakers vary their strategies depending on three social variables: power, social distance, and rank of imposition.These social variables are factors that affect the seriousness of FTA and define the degree of politeness.Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 76) stated that power is when the speaker has a higher social standing in relation to the hearer, the less likely it is that she or he will need to employ strategies to minimize the possibility of FTA. Brown & Levinson (1987, p. 83) stated that social distance can be defined as the degree to which interlocutors are acquainted.
In social distance, even though the power between interlocutors is high, their social distance relationship may be close because there may be a friendship between the boss and his/her subordinate or because the interlocutors might belong to members of the same family.

Data Source
There were two data sources used in this research.The first one as the primary data source is the TV Series Grey's Anatomy Season 2, which consists of 27 episodes.Episodes of the TV series were accessed via Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar as the official platforms.These data sources were used to obtain the data in the form of politeness strategies expressions that were uttered by the characters of the TV Series.
To enrich the understanding of the dialogues, we also used secondary data sources, that is, the subtitles of the series, which were accessed from the subtitling website Subscene (https://subscene.com/).

Method of Data Collection
The data used in this research were request strategies found in the TV series Grey's Anatomy Season 2. The procedures for the data collection are presented below.

1.
Watching each episode of the TV Series Grey's Anatomy Season 2 from Netflix and Disney+ Hotstar while reading the subtitle simultaneously.

2.
After acquiring a thorough understanding of the story and the context of the dialogues, we identified the request utterances made by the characters of the TV series and then copied the dialogues in a separate place, then marking the dialogues that contain politeness strategies of request.

3.
Using the politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) to analyze the data collected in terms of their politeness strategies.

4.
Analyzing the impact of power and social distance.

Method of Data Analysis
After collecting all of the data, they were then classified based on the politeness strategies employed by the characters in their request utterances, as proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987).After being analyzed, the data were then classified according to the politeness strategies and sub-strategies used in the data found. 1.
In analyzing the data, the researcher classified the data that was collected based on the types of politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) and request strategies based on Blum-Kulka and Olshstain (1984).
2. After all the data were analyzed, the researcher decided on the types of politeness strategies of request performed the most by the characters of Grey's Anatomy season 2.

3.
After that, the researcher analyzed the impact of power and distance based on the use of politeness strategies involved in performing the speech act of request by the characters of Grey's Anatomy Season 2.

4.
The last step is drawing a conclusion of the result after all the data are classified and analyzed.

Politeness Strategies in Request
Table 1 below shows that the most frequent politeness strategy found in the TV Series Grey's Anatomy Season 2 is the bald on-record strategy (48.18%).This strategy is performed the most because the characters of the TV series are surgeons who need to talk as fast and directly as possible to avoid misunderstanding and also to save lives.Meanwhile, the least frequently used politeness strategy is the off-record strategy (3.28).This happens because the off-record strategy is indirect and is usually uttered using clues or hints.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The characters of the TV series tend to avoid the use of this strategy to minimize the indirectness when speaking with their interlocutors.
The following discussion below are the examples of the use of each politeness strategy.
Bald on-record Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 61) stated that the bald on-record strategy is done in the most direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise way possible.
Cristina: No, she'd have to have Munchausen's.
Izzie: Wait.You think she's secretly ingesting something to produce real symptoms?Seriously?
Cristina: Yep.Just run it by Burke.Tell me what he thinks.
From the example above, Cristina is demonstrating the use of the bald on-record strategy.In the dialogue, Cristina is requesting Izzie to have the test on her patient to be run by Burke, and she is also asking Izzie to tell her about Burke's opinion of the test result.Cristina's request "Just run it" and "Tell me" are direct, clear, unambiguous, and concise.

Positive Politeness
Table 2 below shows that the most frequent positive politeness strategy performed by the characters in the TV series Grey's Anatomy season 2 is the be optimistic strategy, with eight occurrences (32%).This indicates that the speaker wants to show the hearer that the speaker wants the best response from the hearer by making sure that both speaker and hearer share the same wants.The discussion about each strategy is shown in the following discussion.

Claiming common ground
This sub-strategy requires the speaker to claim common ground with the hearer, implying that both the speaker and the hearer belong to the same group and have similar desires.
Strategy #1 Noticing, attending to H (interests, wants, needs, goods) According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 103), in the use of this strategy, the speaker should be aware of the hearer's condition.
( Alex's request by uttering "I'd kill to see…" indicates that Alex is overemphasizing when making a request to Meredith.This strategy is used by Alex to show his interest in their topic of discussion. Strategy #3 Intensifying Interest to Hearer Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 106) explained that another way to communicate the speaker's wants to the hearer is by intensifying interest in the hearer.
(4) 00:18:24,203 → 00:18:43,315 (GA02.E15.PP#3.MD) Context: Cristina just got out of the OR from doing a rare surgery.She left the operating room because she thought that the resident doctor was incompetent and working with the wrong method that might cause death to the patient.
Burke: I thought you were in surgery.
Burke: No kidding?So why are you out here?
Cristina: Because the new resident, um, she's the new Bailey......except that she's the exact opposite of Bailey in absurd, horrifying, profoundly disturbing ways.I think the new resident is killing our patient.
Cristina's utterance, "I think the new resident is killing our patient."is used to engage Burke's interest in the conversation by convincing him with a good story that might intensify Burke's interest in the event that is going on.

Strategy #6 Avoiding Disagreement
This strategy is typically used when the speaker pretends to agree with the hearer or has a desire to disagree with the hearer, but he/she is trying to hide his/her disagreement.
Addison acted as a doctor towards their friend, while Derek, acted as a friend.This made them argue.
Addison: She came to me for a medical consultation, Derek.I'm her doctor.
Derek: Those are some of our closest friends.This is personal.
Addison: Fine.If it's personal, then maybe we should deal with them as a couple.Acting like a couple.
In the example above, Addison and Derek are arguing, and Addison is trying to avoid any more argumentation, so she is expressing a request to pretend that she agrees with what Derek says.
Addison's disagreement can be seen by the use of the word maybe, which is used to minimize the threat on Derek's face.

Strategy #7 Presupposing/raising/asserting common ground
Brown Levinson (1987, p. 119) stated that this strategy is used when the speaker and the hearer share the same knowledge with each other.This strategy is usually done in a relaxed situation by talking about unrelated topics, such as gossiping or making small talk.
Addison: A gathering of men outside the delivery room.How mid-century of you.
Derek: Say hi to Bailey for me.
The conversation happened during off-work hours, and the utterance "say hi to Bailey for me".This sentence is unrelated to the topic of discussion, which indicates that both Addison and Derek know that this conversation is not serious and that they have common ground.
Conveying the Speaker and the Hearer are cooperators.Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 125) stated that one way to convey cooperation is for the speaker and the hearer to share the same goal, which implies that both the speaker and the hearer are co-operators.
Strategy #9 Asserting or presupposing speaker's knowledge of and concern for hearer's wants According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 125), one way to indicate that the speaker and the hearer are co-operators is to assert and imply the speaker's knowledge of the hearer's wants and willingness to fit one's own wants into them.Strategy #11 Being optimistic Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 126) explained that this strategy refers to the want of the speaker to show that both the speaker and hearer are cooperatively involved in the relative activity.
Sydney: Anyone want to probe the wound?
The interns: (in unison) I do.
Alex: I'd really like to try your "healing with love" technique.
Sydney: I like the way you think, Alex.You do the honors.
In the example above, Sydney and her interns are discussing a new method that she will teach her interns, and Alex really wants to take the opportunity, so he is making a request by employing the be optimistic strategy to Sydney.It can be seen how Alex is making the request by saying, "I'd really like…" in his utterance.

Strategy #12 Including both Speaker and Herer in the activity
According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 127), when the speaker uses the pronoun "we", the speaker means "you" or "me.
(9) 00:05:10,610 → 00:05:18,842 (GA02.E13. PP#12.HP) Context: Richard, as the chief of surgery, gathered all of the surgeons in the hospital hall to announce that the nurses had to work extra hours due to the lack of nurses in the hospital.
Richard: Our nurses are gonna have to work extra hours to compensate, so we should treat them well.Cranky nurses don't do us any good.
Izzie: [whispers] Well, maybe you can cheer them up.
The example above shows that Richard requests all of the surgeons to treat the nurses well since they are working extra hours.Richard uses the word "we´ in his utterance to include himself and all of the surgeons in the hospital in treating the nurses better.By using this strategy, Richard can redress the FTA.

Strategy #13 Giving (or asking for) reasons
According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 128) The strategy that is used by Derek (the speaker) by uttering "why can't" is demanding the reason from Burke (the hearer) whether there are good reasons why Burke cannot cooperate in granting Derek's request.
Strategy #14 Assuming or asserting reciprocity Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 129) claim that the speaker and the hearer are co-operators, which can be accomplished by providing evidence of reciprocal rights or making deals between the speaker and the hearer.
Meredith: There's a line between friends and "not" friends.And if I tell you this...If I tell you this horrible thing, you have to react as my friend, not my "not" friend.
Derek: I can do that.
Meredith employs the assume or assert reciprocity strategy by saying, "you have to react as my friend…".The utterance that she makes indicates that she expects reciprocity between her and Derek.She made an obligation for Derek to fulfil, which is reacting as her friend after she tells him the horrible thing that she did.

Negative Politeness
As shown in Table 3 below, the most frequently performed negative politeness strategy is be conventionally indirect.This strategy is the most frequently used by the characters of the TV series of Grey's Anatomy season 2 because the speakers tend to have the desire to speak straight to the point without having to impose to the hearer.

Being direct
This sub-strategy aims to minimize the imposition on the hearer by speaking directly to the point.

Strategy #1 Being conventionally indirect
According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 132), in this strategy, the speaker is faced with his/her desire to convey his/her desires to the hearer, both onrecord and off-record.
(12) 00:20:41,273 → 00:20:55,750 (GA02.E23.NP#1.PC) Context: Addison and Alex were operating on a dying newborn baby.The situation was tense since they had different opinions on how they should operate the baby.However, since Addison was Alex's attending (senior doctor/specialized doctor), he had to follow her instructions.
Addison: Uh, there's a little bleeding near the tube here.Can you hand me the bovie, Dr. Karev?
Alex: I don't see any abnormal bleeding.
Addison is making a request to Alex by saying, "Can you hand me the bovie, Dr. Karev?".The request she made happened during surgery in the operating room, in which the situation was tense, especially with the fact that she and Alex were arguing about the process of the surgery.However, instead of saying directly, "hand me the bovie", she is still trying to say it in the politest way possible and trying to save Alex's FTA so that he does not feel imposed on.Don't presume/assume Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 144) defined that this type of strategy is used to minimize the imposition of the hearer by not assuming or presuming the hearer's desire or belief.

Strategy #2 Questioning, hedging
This strategy employs non-committal statements that give the hearer the impression that he/she is not being forced to do anything.
Meredith: Sorry I didn't say sooner.I know you were close, but she made me promise.She seems to be reliving the heyday of her residency a lot these days.And I just thought maybe if you could stop by and say hello, it would mean a lot to her.

Richard: Oh, of course
The utterance "I just thought maybe if you could…" indicates that Meredith does not want to give the impression that Richard should grant her wish and to say yes to her request.With this strategy, Richard is not being forced to grant Meredith's wish to visit Meredith's mother.

Don't coerce H
This sub-strategy is used by the speaker to redress the hearer's face.In redressing the hearer's negative-face desires, the speaker does not coerce the hearer's response.

Strategy #3 Being pessimistic
The be pessimistic strategy is applied by the speaker when the speaker shows his/her doubt to the hearer by asking the hearer the possibility of whether the hearer can grant the speaker's wishes or not.( 14) 00:15:43,776 → 00:16:55,707 (GA02.E14.NP#03.PC) Context: Richard was having problems with all of the nurses protesting against doctors who loaded them with tons of work, and yet their wages were very small.
Richard: The nurses again?Can't you do something?You used to be one of them.Don't you speak "nurse?"Richard's assistant: That's why you don't get any respect from the nurses.Surgical arrogance.
Richard is using the be pessimistic strategy.
This can be seen from the way he expresses his doubt about his assistant's capability to talk to the nurses.

Strategy #4 Minimizing the Imposition
According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 176) Bailey was giving Richard strong hints that she does not want to continue this conversation by saying, "Excuse me, sir.I just need to scrub in."Bailey also uses negative politeness strategy of minimizing the imposition in making the request.The use of the word "just" understates the seriousness of the imposition that can redress his FTA so that Richard does not feel offended by her.
Strategy #5 Giving deference Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 178) stated that this strategy refers to paying the hearer a positive face.This strategy is used to make the hearer feel appreciated by the speaker by pointing out their power or by praising them.
Meredith: I've finished all five of your patients.Do you mind if I scrub in?I've never seen an ORIF before.
Callie: Can't.The board's all backed up like crazy.
The utterance "Do you mind" indicates that Meredith is trying to make Callie feel good and to emphasize that Callie has a higher status than the speaker, Meredith.This strategy is used to make the hearer continue to perform an act requested by the speaker without feeling forced.

Off-Record
Table 4 below shows that there are only nine requests that are uttered using the off-record strategies by the characters of Grey's Anatomy season 2, which makes this politeness strategy the least used in the TV series.

Strategy #1 Giving Hints
According to Brown and Levinson (1987, p. 213), if the speaker says something that is not explicitly relevant, it means that the speaker wishes to leave the interpretation to the hearer, so it is up to the hearer to interpret the meaning of hints that the speaker provides to the hearer.The table above shows the job positions of each character in the TV Series.This table is used to show the differences in their positions in relation to the impact of the social variables, which are power and social distance.
Based on the power and distance representation according to Brown and Levinson's (1987) theory, five different categories are established as shown in the table below.As can be seen from the table above, the most commonly used power and social variable is the presence of power and social distance (+P, +D).From this result, it is shown that the characters who have higher power with the presence of social distance tend to speak with their interlocutors who have lower power than them.
The politeness strategy that is employed the most by the characters in this category is the bald onrecord strategy.This strategy is employed because it shows the directness and to show the power that the speakers have towards the hearer because the utterances that are employed by them are mostly imperative utterances.This research investigates the use of the politeness strategies of requests and analyzes power and distance in the use of politeness strategies in performing the speech act of requests that are employed by the characters of the TV Series Grey's Anatomy Season 2. The requests utterances were classified and analyzed using Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness strategies and power and social distance.Some previous research in politeness strategies have been conducted before.This research also analyzing on the social variable of politeness.In this case, how politeness strategies affect surgeons in making request to their colleagues who have different power and social distance between interlocutors.
Four politeness strategies are performed in the TV series.The most commonly used politeness strategy was the bald on-record strategy.This strategy was used to show directness and the urgency of the situation.The characters' directness is not impolite because it is used to show swift, clear, and straightforward action.
Meanwhile, the least performed politeness strategy is the off-record strategy.This strategy is indirect, and the characters in the TV series are surgeons who are faced with emergency situations every day, so they tend to avoid indirect utterances to achieve fast and clear action and to avoid misinterpretation.
Meanwhile, as for the social variables of power and social distance, the result showed that power and social distance have considerable impacts on how the characters of the TV series make requests to others.Therefore, these findings demonstrate the impact of the characters' power and social distance in CONCLUSION

Table 1 .
The frequency of politeness strategies of requests found in the TV Series Grey's Anatomy season 2

Table 2 .
The frequency of positive politeness strategies found in TV Series Grey's Anatomy season 2 This can be seen from Addison's utterance, "bed rest at home until the baby comes", which indicates that she knows Bailey will keep working if she does not tell her to bed rest at home.
Alex: Grey, Izzie said you have tapes of your mom performing surgery.I'd kill to see the Ellis Grey in action.Izzie: Maybe you can come over tonight and we can all watch it together.Right?Meredith: Oh, yeah.If this were a hell dimension.
Richard knows that Cristina has always wanted to run the Emergency Room since she is very ambitious.By doing this, Richard is trying to make her busy by asking her to run the trauma/emergency room because he knows that she would love to do what he requested.
, giving reasons can demonstrate that the speaker includes the hearer in the activity and explains why the speaker wants what he/she wants.: Dr. Burke… You and I… We've known each other for quite some times.We've done several successful surgeries together.Why can't we call each other by first name?

Table 3 .
The frequency of negative politeness strategies of requests found in the TV Series Grey's Anatomy season 2

Table 5 .
The job position of each character in the TV

Table 6 .
Power and social distance in the TV Series