Local Resources-Based Community Empowerment Model to Achieve Food Security in the Indonesian Border Community of North Sebatik

Many scholars now see border areas to have a srategic value. They are no longer seen as the backyard of a country but the front yard that must be seen well developed. Therefore border communities must be empowered to be independent from neighboring countries. These include efforts to increase these independence through community empowerment. Community empowerment can increase the independence and welfare of the community through increasing knowledge, attitudes/behaviors, skills, abilities, awareness, and utilization of resources. Through the process, it is expected that human resources capacity will increase in food security. How the efforts to empower border communities adopt local resources, instead of a top down approach, however needs forther exploration. This research aims to asses the effects of human and natural capitals in formulating local resources-based Community empowerment model in the sector of food security. This research was conducted in the North Sebatik district, Nunukan regency with 65 sample of farmers selected through simple random sampling techniques. Primary and secondary data were collected through field observations, direct interviews, questionnaire distribution, and information obtained from official government agencies. This research uses human capital, nature capital, and social capital as dependent variables, and community empowerment and food security as independent variables. The analysis method applied Partial Least Square (PLS) by using software WarpPLS 5.0. The results of the research showed that human capital must go through an empowerment process to increase human quality. Natural capital must also go through an empowerment process, as human quality without supported nature resources cannot improve capacity to achieve food security. Social capital must also go through an empowerment process. Community empowerment has an impact on food security, as it can manage existing resources to create and improve household income through locally-based agricultural activities to achieve food security.


INTRODUCTION
The study of borders was no longer confined to the field of geography, but became a major field of study such as political science, anthropology, sociology, urban planning and environmental science.Each of these disciplines has a different concept of "boundary".The consensus, however, is that boundaries are human constructs created to control human behavior in a spatial context (Popescu, 2012).Borders are no longer where we expect them to be boundaries have disappeared, moved, redefined and redefined.
Globalization has bent and changed national borders, creating new transnational spaces (Chen, 2005).Border areas are dynamic because they are created, removed, moved, expressed and re-expressed through various material and social mechanisms conflict, trade, integration and exclusion all affect how borders between neighboring countries are expressed (Hataley & Leuprecht, 2018).

Border areas have strategic value
because it has important effect for the country's sovereignty and affects on defense and security conditions.Border areas are experiencing tremendous development around the world and making a major contribution to global interactions (Konrad, 2014).Indonesia's border regions play an important role in economy, politics and national defense.The distribution of welfare to border communities is a primary duty to maintain national integrity (Mulyo et al., 2018).There are some issues, which develop in relation to food security at the borders, such as: socio-economic gap between communities at the Indonesian borders and the neighboring countries, relatively low agricultural productivities due to limited information and technological dissemination, inadequate infrastructures, means and infrastructures of production, as well as land distribution and inter-islands that could cover the whole areas, inability of the poor to fulfill foods in sufficient amount, so that the nutrition aspect and food security has not become the main concern (Syarief et al., 2014).It turns out that the Kalimantan border in Indonesia is still in a developing state.This condition is due to several factors, including: Geographic isolation, high poverty levels, high input costs, limited information from governments.These factors can impede progress when meeting food security goals as part of the common good (Mulyo et al., 2018).As stated by Nia & Sekar (2021)  Modeling (SEM) method to make prediction.
Partial Least Square (PLS) method is mostly used for causal-predictive analysis, which is complicated, and less supported by the theory for exploration (Hartono, 2008;Solihin & Ratmono, 2013).WarpPLS 5.0 was applied due to it has some superiorities, such as examining the moderating variable directly (Solihin & Ratmono, 2013).Therefore, this software is very suitable with the model in the research.
Following are the steps in the analysis with partials least square (Yamin, 2021).( 1 Test.This test was conducted to ensure that instrument of the research will be able to present the conceptual measurement consistently without any bias.It can be said that the results were consistent if some measurements against the same subject did not show different results (Hartono, 2008).This study used Cronbach's Alpha Coefficient (Cronbach, 1970, in Hartono, 2008)

Result of Hypothesis Test
The  Based on Table 3, output standard errors for path coefficients present the estimation result of errors for each path coefficient.
Standard errors are required if we want to test the effect of mediation by the approach of Sobel Baron and Kenny (1986), as well as Hayes and Preacher, 2010) for linear correlation.
Output effect sizes for path coefficients, effect size is categorized into three categories, such as weak (0.02), medium (0.15), and strong (0.35) (Hair et al., 2013;Kock, 2014) Empowerment is a process that gives power to the community to be more empowered Changes in behavior that occur as a result of the empowerment process will be sustainable if it is supported by social capital owned by the community.Social interactions and networks that are formed are strengthened by empowerment.In addition, local community participation can be seen from increasing participation according to (Arnstein, 1969), namely manipulative participation, therapy, informing, consulting, placation, partnership, delegated power and citizen control.
It conformed to Jejeebhoy (1996), who suggested that behavioral changes, which include knowledge, skill, and attitude that are mediated by education, may improve individual empowerment.

CONCLUSIONS
The , border areas are identical to locations that are far away and have limited access.The same problem occurs on the border of Indonesia and Malaysia, which is far from industrial centers or large companies.Therefore, Malaysian products are more dominantly used than Indonesian products.Malaysian products have long been used to meet people's needs and cannot be separated from people's lives on the border.The implementation of local development must be parallel with local potentials and opportunity of development.The potential of local resources as food sources that must be explored optimally in order to increase food availability to meet quality, diverse, and affordable foods at the household level, raise income of the farmers, and support natural resources conservation.Communitybased development has the meaning as development that leads to what is needed by the community.This need to be planned and implemented by the community through the utilization of potential resources such as natural, human, institutional, socio-cultural values that can be accessed by the local community (Mardikanto, 2014).The potential of community resources in communitybased development can be interpreted as an effort to change potential resources into actual ones.This community resource potential must be interpreted as an effort to utilize or mobilize resources that have not been previously touched, but it can also mean increasing the usefulness or optimizing of resources that have not been previously worked on.

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schemes in the model estimation process, factor weighting scheme, centroid weighting scheme, and path weighting scheme (5) Goodness of Fit or model evaluation includes evaluation of measurement models and structural model evaluations (6) Hypothesis testing and interpretation The whole models has been tested.The test is done to see the models as a whole.Values used as standard, which show that indicators of the model fit have been fulfilled, is APC (average path coefficient) and ARS (average R-squared) significant (p<0,05), while AVIF (average variance inflation factor) value < 5 and full colinearity VIF (variance inflation factor) below 3.3 (Solihin & Ratmono, 2013).The first is Reliability Figure 1.Path Analysis and have the ability to access and utilize resources to be more independent and not dependent on other parties, such as government assistance.Hypothesis 2, path coefficient from nature capital (X2) to Y1 > 0.100 (β = 0.25) by p < 0.05 (p-value 0.02), so that nature capital (X2) has affected on community empowerment (Y1).The natural resources owned by the community are utilized in the empowerment process, but their sustainability is also considered so that the balance of natural resources is maintained.Natural resources are the natural environmental elements, both physical and biological, which are required by human beings to fulfill their needs and to increase their welfare(Nurkartika, 2001).Hypothesis 3, path coefficient from social capital (X3) to Y1 > 0.100 (β = 0.21) by p < 0.05 (p-value 0.04), so that social capital (X3) has affected on community empowerment (Y1).social capital is the realization of social dynamic in community, such as mutual trust, contribution to organization, active participation in organization, and positive perception against community(Putra et al., 2017).Positive impacts of the social capital, particularly for farmers, include availability of information with low cost, facility in decision-making along with the implementation, and declining opportunist behaviors(Grootaert et al., 2004).Hypothesis 4, path coefficient from community empowerment (Y1) to Y2 > 0.100 (β = 0.49) by p < 0.05 (p-value < 0.01), so that community empowerment (Y1) has affected on food security (Y2).According toSuryana et al. (2015), food security will be achieved through community empowerment if such process may lead to behavioral changes.Such behavioral changes are characterized by the changes of knowledge, skills, and attitudes in providing, accessing, and absorbing foods.According to Sugiyanto (2010), results of the learning process in community empowerment process will cause some behavioral changes that include some aspects, such as knowledge (cognitive), skills (affective), and attitudes (psychomotoric).
results of this study shows confirms the view on the importance of local resouces for empowering communities in border areas.This research identifies four patterns of the effect of different types local resources.The first is human resources or human capital, which may not directly improve food security, but it must pass through empowering process that could improve human quality.Human capital plays the change of social resources to reach success of the empowering process.Such empowering improvement is the determinant of success in improving social empowerment.The second is natural resources or nature capital, which may not directly improve food security, but it must pass through empowering process because without the support of natural resources/nature capital, human quality would not be able to improve the empowerment in achieving food security.The third is social resources or social capital, which may not directly improve food security, but it must pass through empowering process because without mutual trust, contribution to organization, active participation in organization, and positive perception against community, which can be established through community empowerment process, food security will be difficult to be achieved.The fourth pattern shows that community empowerment affects food security because it could manage the available resources at the local community.In this way, it can create and increase income of the household through local resources-based agricultural activities to reach food security.

Table 1 .
as the reliability test tool.Cronbach's TableComposite Reliability

Table 4 .
Result of Estimation and Hypothesis Test of the Model