Tourism Intention of People Susceptible to COVID-19 in the New Normal

COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a fundamental challenge to tourism, that is mobility. While research on tourism intention have been growing since the beginning of the pandemic, there was a lack of attention on discussion about people who face less opportunity for tourism due to their vulnerable physical conditions or people at-risk to COVID-19. Therefore, this research purported to reveal the influence of tourism constraints on tourism intention of people categorized as physically vulnerable to COVID-19 in the new normal era. Data collection was conducted through an online survey to citizens of Jakarta belonging to middle age and elderly group from end of June to September 2021. Multiple regression analysis with SPSS is used to test the relationship between tourism constraints and tourism intention, and analyze data of 337 respondents. The study showed that tourism intention of people at-risk from COVID-19 can be classified as high with intrapersonal constraints being the only significant constraints. This implies that the significant effect of intrapersonal constraints is not powerful enough to reduce the tourism intention of people susceptible to COVID-19.


INTRODUCTION
Tourism is one of the ways to attain well-being, especially in the context of achieving a well-balanced life. Tourism which is a break from the ordinary allows people to make improvements or restoration in various areas of life needing it, whether it is social, educational and cultural, or psychological (Newmeyer, 2004). In addition to improving well-being, traveling has also been considered as a basic need and right as it is also acknowledged that everyone is entitled to the same rights of leisure, rest, and freedom, without distinction of any kind (United Nations, 1948).
Tourism and pandemics are closely related in the global era (Gossling et al, 2020). This is partly because the mobile population is growing rapidly and the development of transportation which is a potential means of disease transmission. With the prolonged pandemic, WHO warned the world that people have to learn to live with the virus (WHO, 2020). It means that after the pandemic, the possibility of being exposed to the virus when people travel still exist.
As of November 23, 2021, Indonesia recorded a death rate of 83,2% for the age group 46 years and above (KPCPEN, 2021).
Thus, it can be said that the age group of 46 years and above is the age group susceptible to  Epidemiologists state that at the age of 45 years and above, the immune system functioning as a body shield as well as the speed of cell regeneration and organ function in human body are not as good as when an individual was young, consequently Health crises due to pandemics have been triggers for crises in various sectors of life, as well as being a driving factor for changes in individual and organizational behavior since a long time ago (Mas'udi and Winata, 2020).
Changes in behavior and normal tourism trends caused by disruption, uncertainty, and risk occur at the post-crisis stage where feelings of fear, uncertainty, and anxiety can affect the desire of tourists to travel or even refusal to travel (Senbeto and Hon, 2002).
Taking the disruption, uncertainties, risks, and constraints caused by pandemic into account, this study view tourism constraints as the appropriate framework to apply for the research.
Most of the literature on participation in travel is discussed with reference to the constraint model, especially leisure constraints, where constraints are seen as factors that limit the formation of leisure preferences and hinder participation and enjoyment in leisure (Jackson, 2000;Shaw et al., 1991). Leisure can be seen from the sociological, psychological, as well anthropological aspects. The sociological aspect of leisure is related to free time, the psychological aspect is related to the state of mind, and the anthropological aspect is leisure viewed as an activity, namely the time used by individuals to follow their own desires (Darajat & Kusworo, 2018).
Tourism is also an activity that is carried out voluntarily. Thus, tourism has something in common with leisure in terms of activities carried out to fill spare time based on their own wishes. Therefore, it can be said that tourism is part of leisure. The essence of tourism is getting out-of-the-ordinary, or the process of self-reconstruction resulting the body is more susceptible to disease (CNN Indonesia Online, 2020) The age group above 46 years is classified by WHO (Widiyastuti, 2017)  from movement related to a place, namely a destination, which separates the individual from his daily routine (Urry, 1990 (Kono et al, 2020;Gassiot et al, 2018;Priporas et al, 2014). Ozdemir and Yildiz (2020) (Kono et al, 2020;Tan, 2020;Darajat & Kusworo, 2018;Gassiot et al, 2018;Park et al, 2017;Kazeminia et al, 2013;Lee et al., 2012;) (Tan, 2020;Darajat & Kusworo, 2018;Gassiot et al., 2018). These barriers can be manifested in the form of time, economic conditions, access, natural conditions, or the environment (Park et al, 2017). According to Crawford and Godbey (1991), intrapersonal barriers are the strongest barriers, while structural barriers are the weakest barriers.
A study by Hung and Petrick (2012) shows that travel constraints have negatively rate report, as Jakarta also has many entry gates (Kompas TV Online, 2020), where mobile people meet to do their activities.
Last, Jakarta is also an area that experienced relatively frequent high mobility restrictions as a result of high transmission rate; thus, people often experience anxiety and fear perceiving that the area they live in is not safe.
The sample size in this study was taken based on the following guidelines.

DISCUSSION
The questionnaire resulted in 337 responses, which is more than the minimum sample adopted. Despite the persistent effort to collect the data, there were some obstacles in the data collecting period.
First, due to the data collection mechanism,