Deconstructing Equivalence in the Translation of Texts From French to Indonesian

Translation is a process of reproducing a source text (ST) in the equivalent target text (TT). The equivalence of translation includes the message of the text. Several factors such as writer, translator, publisher, reader, or spirit of certain era, determine the translation equivalency. In translation, equivalence is negotiated and transactioned; in consequence it is highly likely that the current equivalency will be different in the future. Deconstruction theory claims that the relationship between a signifier and a signified is inconstant; however, it can be “deferred” to obtain a new or different relationship. As a result, a meaning may change in accordance with the will of its user. The result of this research indicates four differences between TT1 and TT2 translation; (1) within a period of twenty years of social and political change (1990 – 2010), TT1 reveals regional issues, while TT2 reveals social class issues; (2) the TT2's disclosure of meaning is more direct, open, and occasionally rude than the subtle and euphemistic TT1; (3) the TT2 tends to follow ideology of foreignization by inserting foreign words or words from the source language, while the TT1 tends to follow ideology of domestication; (4) there are different viewpoints between the TT1 translator and the TT2 translator.


INTrODUcTION
The process of transferring messages of a source language text is influenced by translator's culture, which is reflected in the way a translator comprehends, perceives, and reveals messages by the language used. The transfer of messages in translation is always marked by cultural gap of the source language and the target language. Translation is also an act of interlingual communication, whose manifestation is influenced by the culture of its language user (Hoed, 2016:19). The cultural gap will directly place a translator in a dilemmatic position (Newmark, 1998:5). On the one hand, a translator has to transfer message of the source language text into the target language accurately. On the other hand, in many cases, a translator is placed to find the equivalence which is not always appropriate in the target language (Nida and Taber, 1964: 22). The equivalence in translation is determined by several factors; writer, translator, publisher, reader, or spirit of certain age (Wills 1996: 16-28). Today, equivalence is no longer static and binary but is creative and situational (Cronin, 2003:24-25). The process of translation is no longer taking hold of equivalence principles as the main consideration. On the contrary, the process takes on interlingual and intercultural negotiation and transaction through mediation of a translator, as stated by Bassnet below.
"Today the movement of peoples around the globe can be seen to mirror the very process of translation itself, for translation is not just the transfer of texts from one language into another, it is now rightly seen as a process of negotiation between texts and between cultures, a process during which all kinds of transactions take place mediated by the figure of the translator. " (2002: 6) As consequences of the fact above, the symptoms of omission and betrayal occur following due to the shift of emphasis. However on the other hand, Bassnett (ibid: 1) also sees the symptom that globalization is reviving interest for search of culture of origin and identity, as well as a desire in seeking answers to the questions about identity. Therefore, translated text is a form of interpretation of an open text that corresponds with the new context. In other words, there is a deconstruction of meaning equivalence and the translation and deconstruction theory are required to explain this.
According to Derrida (1973), a relationship between the signifier (form of a sign/literary text) and the signified (meaning or content of literary text) is inconstant, and in fact, it can be "deferred" to obtain a new or different relationship. This process is known as deconstruction while the new or different relationship is known as différance. Contrary to Derrida's proposition that the signifier and the signified have a dynamic relationship, Saussure proposes that their relationship is actually static (différence). Responding Saussure's concept of différence, Derrida acknowledges that the concept is the basis for a sign's existence, which tells that meaning of a sign is simply obtained from its difference from other signs. As a further matter according to Derrida, a sign must be understood in different times and situations to make its meaning observable. Meaning of a sign is not merely observable on one occasion, but in different times and situations it can have different meanings (Hoed, 2014: 86-92). This deconstruction process, as stated by Derrida, is infinite (1973).
This study used three texts for the data. They are a French novel, Madame Bovary (source text/ ST), its Indonesian translation (target text/TT1), Nyonya Bovary by Winarsih Arifin published in 1990, and Madame Bovary (TT2), an Indonesian translation by Santi Hendrawati published in 2010 (TT2). The selection of the novel and the two translated versions as data sources of this research was based on two considerations. The first one was the reception of French people of the novel the second was the competencies of the two translators. Regarding the translators' competencies, TT1 translator (Winarsih Arifin) and TT2 translator (Santi Hendrawati) both have French-related educational degree and they lived in France for a quite long period.
Madame Bovary was written by Gustave Flaubert in 19th century, and he went to trial because of the novel. Through his novel he was accused of infringing social norms for revealing obscenity, disgrace, religion. In the novel this "infringement" is committed by the bourgeoisie (a dominating social class of capitalist regime) in particular. The life of the bourgeoisie revealed in the literary work gashed French social norms at that time. As an example, Gustave showcases hypocritical behaviors out of a sacred marriage as the characters do not adhere to the norms in their life. Flaubert was finally exonerated as a result of his persistence in defending his argument in the court. Because of the sensational trial, the novel sold 15.000 copies in 6 months. The novel is acknowledged as a literary revolution and admired not only in France, but also in Europe, the US, Asia including Indonesia (Sastriyani, 2011(Sastriyani, : 2216. Based on the above elaboration, the research problem of this study related to how the deconstruction of meaning equivalence of French to Indonesia translation.

sOcIAl AND POlITIcAl FAcTOrs
This analysis of the deconstruction of meaning equivalence was done by comparing the source text (St) with Target Text 1 and Target Text 2 as shown below.
In data (1), the ST phrase la médiocrité provinciale, translated into jiwa kedaerahan yang sedang-sedang saja (mediocre spirit of regionalism) in TT1, while the TT2 translated version of the phrase is kehidupan kelas menengah di provinsi ini (the life of middle class in this province). Distinction on both translations was affected by social and political change at that time. When the TT1 was first published, Indonesian political system was centralistic. The powers of government were handled directly by central the government that made local governments playing very small roles, including that spirit of provincial life was neglected. For that reason, la médiocrité provincial was translated into jiwa kedaerahan yang sedang-sedang saja. Unlike the TT2, which was published twenty years later when the social and political had changed. The change turned a centralistic government system into the de-centralistic, where there was partial shift of government system from central to local government, giving local governments a greater role. The issue of spirit of provincial/local life was no longer an intriguing issue. However, another issue emerged at the time was regarding social class, an issue which in 1990s had never come to the surface, making phrase la médiocrité provincial translated into kehidupan kelas menengah di propinsi ini in TT2.
In the era of new order, society's act and mind were shackled. People were unable to express their ideas spontaneously and sometimes they had to be euphemistic. The ST sentence (4), je suis assommé de ces mots-là, is translated into TT1 Saya sudah jera mendengar kata-kata itu that is more careful than the TT2 translation, Saya muak mendengar kata itu. The word jera means unwilling (discouraged) to repeat actions, while muak (sick) has an equivalent meaning to sudah jemu, merasa jijik, and bosan (disinterested, disgusted, and bored) (KBBI, 2015). Moreover, in Table 5  Language is always evolving and it is also conforming to changes in society. In the TT1 phrase ST (6) nos casquettes is translated into pet (cap), (7) nourrice is translated into inang penyusu (wet nurse), and (8) le marmot translated is to si buyung (lad). In French grammar, determiners (articles) always precede nouns; however, in Indonesian such a thing does not always occur consistently (Tobing, 2012: 222 Meanwhile, the difference in data (12) and (13) is synonymous. In data (12) the TT 1 of ST Du chapeau rond is the round hat while the TT 2 is the circular hat. Round is the synonym of circular. The TT 1 and TT 2 in data (12) are phrases, and the TT 1 and TT 2 in data (13) are synonymous words (i.e: his father let him run around without shoes in TT 1 and his father never forbade his son to run around barefoot in TT 2 ), from ST son père le laissait courrir sans souliers 12  Take a look at the following data (18-20). TT2 tends to keep the words from ST while TT1 translates them into Indonesian.
In data (18) and (19)  the source language (and culture), in which an "acceptable" or a "correct" translation is when we present the text as it is, with little or no change to the source text, maintaining its foreign cultural aspect (Venuti, 1995). Adopting this ideology in translating is "transference" or "decentering" (Hoed, 2006: 5) because the translation is obtained by transferring the culture of the text language to that of the source language. In this case, the translation will maintain the culture of the source text and make the cultural aspect of the source text pronounced. By maintaining the cultural aspect of the source text, the readers will feel the exoticism of the source text. The advantage of foreignization ideology is that the readers will see, know, understand, and acknowledge the culture and the language of the source text. The disadvantage is that the readers of the target text are not familiar with the language and the negative aspects of the culture in the source text can affect the readers. In data (19) in TT1 and inn in TT2. The words hotel and inn have similar meaning (i.e: lodgings), but a hotel has many rooms and complete facilities like a swimming pool, restaurant, gym, etc. Based on the number of rooms and the facilities, hotels are classified as one, two, three, or four-star hotels.
The hotels with no such facilities are called hotel melati (budget hotel). Those types of hotel do not have star ratings. An inn is a kind of hotel melati. The difference of meaning in TT1 and TT2 also is even more pronounced in data (21) below-the ST des moyens is translated into opinion in TT1 and smart in TT2.

ST
--On dit pourtant qu'il a des moyens, objecta l'hotesse. The word smart means 'to have a welldeveloped mind and body (to be sane and strong)', while opinion means 'thoughts, assumptions, conclusions, or a person who invents or produces something (KBBI, 2015). They have different meanings but they have a similarity, that they are both 'cognitive activities'. In data (22) ST veau à la casserole and il entre en cinquème (23) are translated into 'beef' and 'he is in the fifth grade' in TT1, but 'mutton' and 'he has to start from the eighth grade' in TT2. 'Beef' and 'mutton' give totally different meanings. Such is the case with 'he goes into the fifth grade' and 'he has to start from the eighth grade'.
In data (24) and (25), there is a difference of perspective in TT1 and TT2. The perspectives are determined by the patterns of information, agent, and culture. As a means of communication, language is always related to three aspects: speaker, hearer, and content. Sudaryanto stated that those three are external aspects of language because they are not the language itself. In fact, of all those three aspects, the content determines the details of language (1995: 38-41). The content (of message) is called information.
In verbal communication, the speaker presents the content or information to the hearer. The information is presented in utterances consisting of information units (Baryadi, 2002: 69). An utterance is made up of constituents. These constituents also have information, meaning that they, too, have information units. Information can be analyzed in two ways: 1) based on its status in the utterance, and 2) based on how important the information is.
In other words, the first way is to see the status of the information and the second way is to see the urgency of the information (Baryadi, 2002: 69 and 88). The status of the information can either be old information (OI) or new information (NI), while the urgency of the information has to do with which information is important and which is less important. Halliday (1967: 212) stated that the constituent of a simple sentence that contains a more important piece of information is called theme (T) and the less important piece of information rheme (R). He later added that theme is characterized with the constituent being at the very beginning of a simple sentence, and rheme is the rest of the sentence. Thus, every simple sentence has theme-rheme structure (T-R). Thus, the important piece of information is at the beginning of an utterance, and the rest of the sentence is less important. ST cette conjuration du monde in data (24)  The difference of TT1 and TT2 in data (26) below lies on culture perspective. ST Charles monta, au premier, voir le malade is translated into 'Charles went to the first floor to examine the patient' in TT1, but 'Charles went to the second floor to examine his patient' in TT2. The French has the terms rez de chaussé for the ground floor and le premier étage for the first floor, which is one floor above the ground floor. They are different in Indonesia, where the ground floor is the first floor and the floor above it is the second floor.

cONclUsION
The result of the analysis shows that there are distinctions between both TT1 and TT2. The first aspect relates to, fisrtly, the political and social changes within a period of twenty years from 1990 to 2010. TT1 was influenced by regionalism issues, while the TT2 was influenced by social classes issue. Scondly, disclosures of meanings are more direct, open, and sometimes rude in TT2 than in TT2 where these are subtle and euphemistic. Thirdly, TT2 tends to follow foreignization principle by including foreign or SL words, while TT1 tends to follow domestication principles. Lastly, there seem to be different viewpoints between the two translators. Differences present in TT1 and TT2 are the results the translators' inventive ability, creativity, intuition as well as experience and knowledge. It is believed that these are different in the two translators and they were affected by these factors when they were translating the ST. In other words, the translators performed self-reflexivity. Derrida refers to it as allegory of dissociation, a depiction of stories based on what is reflected to depict different things (Aminuddin, 2002: 190-195). The difference in the translation of the ST into TT1 and TT2 indicates a change towards the strengthening of national identity. This is shown by the disclosure of meanings that are more open and the tendency of incorporating foreign words or those belonging to the source language as a result of cross-cultural interaction.