Diversity, Abundance, and Traditional Uses of Asteraceae Species in Mount Bisma, Dieng Plateau, Kejajar, Wonosobo, Central Java

ABSTRACT Asteraceae is the largest and most diverse family of flowering plants which contains more than 20,000 species distributed in nearly all types of habitats all over the world. In mountainous regions such as Mount Bisma, it is estimated to have plenty and diverse member of the Asteraceae family, and used in the local community for various uses. This research aimed to understand the diversity, abundance, and uses of Asteraceae members that are found wild in Mount Bisma. Taxonomy and ecological data were gathered using an exploration method and purposive sampling method, from the point, a plot measured 3x3 m2 was created to estimate the vegetation parameters in the mountain top and mountain valley area. Ethnobotanical data were gathered in Sikunang Village, a nearby village of Mount Bisma using a semi-structured interview and open-ended questions. Data were analysed descriptively and quantitatively using several indices such as Importance Value Index (IVI), Index of Cultural Significance (ICS), and index of Use Value (UV). The result showed that there were 18 species from two subfamilies that grew wild in both mountain top and valley of Mount Bisma. The highest importance value belonged to Ageratina riparia, which was scored in the mountain top and valley 71.00 and 91.53, respectively. Uses of Asteraceae in Sikunang were varies, ranging from being a side dish, medicine, firewood, souvenir, and other uses. Galinsoga parviflora and Galinsoga quadriradiata showed the highest ICS value of 41, whereas Austroeupatorium inulifolium scored the highest in UV of 1.8. The study presented high number of Asteraceae diversity and use. Thus, implies that Mount Bisma has vast unexplored biodiversity and locals around Mount Bisma have rich traditional knowledge.


INTRODUCTION
Asteraceae Bercht. & J.Presl (1820); synonym Compositae Giseke (1763), nom. cons. is the largest and most diverse family of Angiospermae, composed of ca. 24,000 species from about 1,700 genera that are distributed in nearly all types of habitats all over the world except Antarctica, composing about 10% of recorded diversity of flowering plants (Funk et al. 2009;Tadesse 2014). Member of Asteraceae are undoubtedly widespread due to its highly adaptive characteristics and the specific feature of their flower; a cluster of numerous tiny flowers (florets) called capitula attractive enough to attract a pollinator, self-pollinating mechanisms of the floret, specific type of fruit called achene that is light enough to be dispersed by wind, supported by the presence of pappus (Bhattacharyya 2016;Purnomo et al. 2016).
A high number of Asteraceae species was considered not proportional with the number of beneficial species from the family. Smaller families, e.g. Poaceae or Fabaceae contain more useful plants than Asteraceae (Funk et al. 2009). In general, members of Asteraceae already used for food (Lactuca sativa L., Helianthus tuberosus L.), medicine (Artemisia absinthium L., Taraxacum officinale Wigg.), insecticides (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trev.) Sch. Bip.), and ornamentals (Chrysanthemum indicum L.) (Simpson 2009). A high number of Asteraceae species presents in previous studies are generally acknowledged as a weed. The surrounding community managed to mow the weed because it disturbs the growth of cultivated plants. On the other hand, the surrounding community also finds benefits of Asteraceae species, such as food and medicine. Generally speaking, Asteraceae species are only known to be secondary material as food or medicine, not as the first choice. On the other hand, members of Asteraceae are also recognized as invasive in Indonesia, e.g. Ageratum conyzoides L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Mikania micrantha Kunth., and Sonchus oleraceus L. (Setyawati et al. 2015) and could affect the survival of native species. Traditional uses of Asteraceae in the local community in unexplored locations need to be researched in order to enrich knowledge on its uses.
Mount Bisma located in Dieng Plateau, Wonosobo, Central Java with a peak reached 2,365 masl, is a volcano, but the volcanic activity is decreased and leaving a wide caldera (Nurpratama et al. 2015). Recently, Mount Bisma is known to be located outside the potential geothermal energy sectors (Harijoko et al. 2016). Mount Bisma was not open for tourist attraction until 2019, thus the mountain has preserved the ecosystem of mountainous region biodiversity. Local communities on Mount Bisma, especially in Sikunang Village, are Javanese, male and female residents mostly work as a farmer, with potato and varieties of vegetables being main crops. Biodiversity and local knowledge of plants in Mount Bisma has not been reported before, especially for the Asteraceae family. Studies on Asteraceae were conducted by Sunarto et al. (2017) in Mount Lawu, Megawati et al. (2017) in Lore Lindu National Park, and Al Farishy & Salamah (2021) in Mount Halimun-Salak. All of the studies conducted before provided general information on Asteraceae diversity in mountainous regions. With the largest number of species, it is highly potential to find any of the beneficial species of Asteraceae. Wonosobo itself offers attractive natural tourism, with edelweiss, Anaphalis longifolia, being one of the Asteraceae species that is most attractive for tourists. Local archival research on ethnobotany around Mount Bisma is spoken between generations. There is no known archive of ethnobotany in communities around Mount Bisma. In addition, there is also no known research conducted in the surrounding communities as well. The research aimed to explore the diversity, abundance, and traditional uses/knowledge about Asteraceae species in Mount Bisma. The result hopefully could present the newest record on the diversity, abundance, and local knowledge of Asteraceae for further research in the future.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials
The materials used in this research were plant specimens collected from two research areas of Mount Bisma; Mountain Top (MT) and Mountain Valley (MV), 300 gr/m 2 acid-free mounting paper sized A3, alcohol 70%, ziplock plastic bag sized 40x30 cm, herbarium envelope, label, document-grade scotch tape, and PVA glue 90%. The tools used in this research were stationary, camera, board, cardboard, voice recorder, and GPS mobile.

Study area and period
The research was carried out in Mount Bisma, administratively located in Sikunang Village, Kejajar, Wonosobo. The village is located at 7 0 14'06" S and 109 0 53'54" E, inhabited by Javanese people, who mainly talk Javanese language with a Banyumasan accent. Mostly, locals are moslem and work as a farmer.  Field observation and species identification Field observation aimed to gather the taxonomy and ecological data. The exploration method was used to gather taxonomical data (Rugayah et al. 2004). Purposive sampling was used to find the location that represents Asteraceae diversity following the designated area, then from each point, a 3x3 m 2 plot was made to collect vegetational data, such as a number of species and frequency (Partomihardjo & Rahajoe 2004). A total of 9 plots and 12 plots were made in Mountain Top and Mountain Valley, respectively. Plant samples for each species were taken to make voucher specimens for further identification. The data then were brought to Laboratory of Plant Systematics, Faculty of Biology UGM for voucher specimen construction (Sardiwinata et al. 2008); identification was based on determination key from Flora of Java (Backer & Brink 1965), description and illustration from Mountain Flora of Java (van Steenis 2006).

Interview
The village community survey was used to gather the informants, who are the residents of Sikunang Village, purposive snowball sampling was chosen to found informants with the village chief as a key informant (Silalahi 2016). The respondents are adults (more than 18 years old) from various professions. A total of 15 respondents, mostly by the suggestion of the Village Chief, were interviewed. Fifteen respondents are considered accurate because all of them were chosen by recommendation of a key informant so that all the informants know very well about plants around the village. A semistructured interview with open-ended questions was performed to gather information from informants (Walujo 2004). The interview was equipped with pictures of Asteraceae species found in Mount Bisma.
Data analysis Asteraceae species were grouped by taxa, scientific names were rechecked based on Classification of Compositae (Funk et al. 2009) and Global Compositae Database (CWG 2021). The characteristics of invasiveness were determined based on the Guide to Invasive Plant Species in Indonesia (Setyawati et al. 2015). Ecological data in the form of relative density and relative frequency were further analysed by Importance Value Index (IVI) analysis (Barbour et al. 1987). The interview data were analysed to estimate the valuation of the index of cultural significance respective to the categorization of uses (ICS) (Turner 1988), along with the Use Value (UV) analysis (Walujo 2004;Cotton 1996) as general quantification on ethnobotanical data to represent how beneficial a species is for a community.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Asteraceae Diversity
Study of species diversity on Asteraceae family in hiking trails (mountain top) and mountain valley of Mount Bisma was carried out. Based on Funk et al.
(2009), a total of 18 species under 16 genera, eight tribes, and two subfamilies were collected and identified. All species were considered wild. Based on the data obtained, out of the 18 species found in the research location, 17% were recorded only in Mountain Top (MT); 55% were recorded to be present in both locations (MT and MV); and 28% were recorded only in Mountain Valley (MV) ( Table 1). The species found only in Mountain Top; Anaphalis longifolia, Erigeron karvinkianus, and Leucanthemum vulgare were known to inhabit slope ground and unshaded areas. A. longifolia was known to be typical to grow in the mountain region of Java (van Steenis 2006), the species also found in Mount Lawu and attract tourism activity (Sunarto et al. 2017). Two subfamilies found wild in Mount Bisma were Asteroideae and Cichorioideae. There are informal categories in the Asteroideae subfamily, the Heliantheae allies. From the subfamilies, it was recognized that seven tribes were classified into Asteroideae (four tribes included in Heliantheae allies) and one tribe classified into Cichorioideae. The diversity of Asteraceae species found in Mount Bisma were similar to other research done in mountainous regions of Sulawesi and Mount Lawu (Megawati et al. 2017;Sunarto et al. 2017). Asteroideae leads in the number of species found because Asteroideae is the largest and most diverse subfamily of Asteraceae (Funk et al. 2009). Most species found in the research are considered invasive alien species (IAS), about 13 out of 18 are considered as IAS, four species known to be alien species, and only one species is recognized distributed naturally in Java. The majority of IAS and alien species are originated in New World (Tropical, North, or South America), the rest of them originated from Old World: C. crepidioides and B. pilosa (Africa); A. vulgaris, L. vulgare, S. oleraceus (Europe and Russia Far East); and two species originated in Asia: D. integrifolia and Y. japonica (Setyawati et al. 2015). The diversity of flower morphology of wild Asteraceae species found in Mount Bisma is presented in Figure 2.

Asteraceae Abundance
The abundance of Asteraceae species found was determined by the value of the Importance Value Index (IVI). The highest IVI in both locations, MT and MV was obtained from species of Ageratina riparia with IVI 71.00% and 91.53%, respectively. The result showed that A. riparia was dominated the area with the most number of individuals and presented in the most study plot. A. riparia covered most of the forest floor in MT and MV. Figure 3 and figure 4 showed the IVI for each species found in MT and MV where the IVI does not distribute equally, two species (A. riparia and Austroeupatorium inulifolium) have prominent IVI compared to other species; statistically signs that the coverage of both species are considered high, meanwhile, the other species showed low IVI compared to the dominating species. A. riparia was recognized to be invasive alien species and dominate the forest floor of several mountainous areas of Java; the IVI scored 69. 418%  The diversity and distribution at different altitudes are relatively different. In Mountain Valley, the area with lower altitude, the species richness counted was more than that of Mountain Top (14 species in MV, 12 species in MT). There is one species that is dominant in both locations, Ageratina riparia, IVI of MV is higher (91.53%) than in MT (71.00%), so the A. riparia is considered more dominant in MV than in MT. Even though had more number species, the dominance of A. riparia compared to the other species in MV made MV had lower diversity and distribution, which showed that in MT (higher altitude) it is considered more diverse and the species are distributed more evenly. Asteraceae found in higher altitudes, such as Anaphalis longifolia and Erigeron sumatrensis are observed to have special adaptation in terms of its morphological character, i.e. adapted to grow well in cliff/ sloping ground; have narrow leaves, drier stem, and strongly attached to the ground. In lower altitudes, the species generally have a wider and thinner leaf, grows perpendicular to the substrate, and wetter stem.
Ageratina riparia was known to be common in Java mountainous region (Purnomo et al. 2016). The invasiveness of A. riparia was categorized as high risk, A. riparia even had the highest Risk Index in Mount Papandayan. A. riparia has an uncommon feature of Asteraceae, that is the species could grow well in shaded areas. Coverage of A. riparia was very wide due to the fastgrowing characteristics of the plant, even it is considered very fast compared to other invasive species. On the other hand, the species is also a productive seeder (Nyuanti et al. 2020). A combination of the characteristics leads the species to invade an area, growing rapidly and dense to dominate the area so that the other species do not have enough space and resources to grow adequately.

Asteraceae Uses
Locals of Sikunang Village, a nearby village of Mount Bisma were interviewed and the result showed that locals had vast knowledge of plant uses in their household; the uses from 17 out of 18 species of Asteraceae found were recognized by the locals. Locals in Sikunang Village perceive the  majority of Asteraceae species found as weed, disturbed their field. Several people also recognized species that grow in the upper part of Mount Bisma, inside the forest, and far from their field. However, locals not only mentioned the species as weeds. Local uses of the plant as told by the people and the valuation of ICS and UV are presented in Table 2.
Locals mentioned that several species could be utilized for consumption, medicine, daily needs, livestock forage, to be sold, etc. Even though locals perceive Asteraceae members in general as weeds, the utilization is a sign that locals have a well-understanding in plant uses. Locals in Sikunang Village maintain vegetation amid their mountainous environment, especially in Asteraceae members, make it possible for them to explore any utilization of plants. Plants mentioned used by locals have an opportunity as bioprospection in the future, because the plants are abundant and the benefits are varied, e.g. G. parviflora and G. quadriradiata as delicacies, C. crepidioides as cosmetics, L. vulgare as insecticides. Other bioprospection of Asteraceae members mentioned by locals is S. oleraceus (gembos) as rabbit forage. Some of the locals mentioned that rabbit which fed using a mixture of grass, rabbit pellets, and gembos produced better urine quality than rabbit which fed without mixture of gembos, that is highly beneficial as biofertilizer.
The quantification of ICS was based on the quality, intensity, and exclusivity of plant's uses (Turner 1988). The highest score of ICS was obtained by mondrengan or G. parviflora and G. quadriradiata with a score reached 41, that most locals told that the plant could be eaten just raw or cooked. Sendura (A. longifolia) scored second in ICS (36) because of the valuation of the flower, a rare plant with high demand in tourism attraction. Gembos (S. oleraceus) scored third highest of ICS (30) because of their utilization as food, high quality rabbit forage, even some medicinal properties. Meanwhile, malenggo (A.inulifolium) scored fourth highest of ICS (24) because it serves the daily needs of locals as easy-accessed firewood, livestock forage, and economic-importance fragrant flower. On the other hand, UV represents various types of uses known by the locals (Walujo 2004). Malenggo (A. inulifolium), mondrengan (G. parviflora and G. quadriradiata), sendura (A. longifolia), and lengko (C. crepidioides) relatively had high scores compared to other species found in Mount Bisma because various uses are recognized by most locals, meanwhile, the species which had a low score in UV means that the utilization is not as much as the other species or the utilization varies, but only known to the minority of locals (Cotton 1996). As mentioned in the beginning, most species are known as weeds and disturbing cultivated plants, therefore if locals do not utilize the plant for a specific activity, commonly seen plants will be used as livestock forage, e.g. D.
integrifolia and E. sumatrensis. G. purpureum is an uncommon plant for locals; locals do not recognize the plant and therefore the utilization is unclear for locals. High UV or ICS value suggests that the species is more beneficial than other species. If the species is beneficial enough to be demanded by more people, the species tend to be cultivated by people, then it will preserve in  (Handayani et al. 2021). Table 3 showed the known and recorded uses of Asteraceae species found in Mount Bisma by scientific exploration. Traditional knowledge on the uses of each species is found to contribute and enrich the recorded uses of Asteraceae species from studies conducted before. Rich traditional knowledge and scientific exploration should be combined to find the best utilization for the species. On the other hand, in the discussion on Asteraceae diversity, it is known that most species were recognized as alien species. Locals play important role in the population control of alien species by utilizing the plant optimally (Al Farishy & Salamah 2021).