Ethnobotanical and Phytochemical Study of Bayur (Pterospermum javanicum Jungh.) on Sasak Tribe around Mount Rinjani National Park, West Lombok as a Conservation Effort

ABSTRACT Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. (Bayur) is a species belongs to the Pterospermum genera (Malvaceae). Several species of Pterospermum had been reported for their ethnobotanical usage, but the studies about ethnobotany information of Bayur and its secondary metabolite compounds were still limited which have been published. This study aimed to observe the ethnobotanical usage of Bayur and to examine the phytochemical contents of the acetone extract of Bayur flower from West Lombok. The ethnobotany information of Bayur was obtained through interviews with local people and more information on the ethnobotanical records of P. javanicum (Bayur) was conducted by reviewing the scientific literature. The chemical compounds of Bayur flower were analysed by the GC-MS method. The results revealed that Bayur was used by the Sasak community around Gunung Rinjani National Park West Lombok for various purposes, such as traditional medicines, beverages, rigging, and building material. The phytochemical analysis showed that the acetone extract of Bayur flower from West Lombok contained 38 identified chemical components, representing 93.78% of the total compounds. The major contents of them were Lupeyl acetate (10.68%), p-n-Amylphenol (8.16%), Lauric acid (7.31%), N-(Methyl-d2)Aniline (5,82%), and Pentanal (5.07%). This report was the first publication about the phytochemical contents of Bayur flower. It is expected that this study gives further information on the potentials of Bayur, especially about its secondary metabolite to support and prove the truth of the cultural concept of society in utilizing Bayur as a medicinal plant.


INTRODUCTION
Malvaceae is a family of the flowering plant which is comprised of around 85 genera and 1500 species, distributed widely in the tropical and temperate region (Rahman & Gondha 2014) It has been a long time known that expected to explore the potentials of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower, so that the plants can continue to be preserved.
The plant was identified by a taxonomist of Bali Botanic Garden, Mr. Ida Bagus Ketut Arinasa, M.Si., and the herbarium voucher was deposited in the herbarium of Tabanan Hortus Botanicus Balinese (THBB). The plant scientific name was verified using an online database (e.g. The Plant List, 2018 and The International Plant Names Index, 2018) and the description was described based on morphological observations and compare the characteristics with the available literature. We collected the potential uses of Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. through interviews with local people and information in related documents. More information on the ethnobotanical records of P. javanicum (Bayur) was conducted by reviewing the scientific literature (such as Google Scholar and Google Book) (Sujarwo 2018).

Plant Material dan Sample Preparation
Fresh materials of flowers were chopped in small size and dried without direct sun irradiance for several days until the materials were completely dry. One hundred grams of dried materials of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower was extracted with acetone by maceration method and the extract suspension was filtered by filter paper (Azwanida 2015). This extract was analyzed with a GC-MS method to identify the phytochemical components. GC-MS method to identify the phytochemical components.

GC-MS Analytical Conditions and Identification of Chemical Compounds
The acetone extract of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower was analyzed using the GC-MS method with the condition according to Andila et al. (2018). The GC-MS equipment was model Shimadzu GC-MS-QP2010 with an Rtx 5ms capillary column (60.0 m x 25 mm with 0.25 µm thickness) and Carrier gas UHP Helium. The conditions of GC setting was column oven at temperature of 50 o C (±5 minutes to 280 o C, injection temperature at 280 o C, injection mode: split, total program time: 50 minute, flow control mode : Linear velocity, pressure : 101.0 KPa, Total Flow : 46.5 mL/Min, Column Flow: 0.85 mL/min, linear velocity: 23.7 cm/sec, purge flow :3.0 ml/min, split ratio : 1: 50,total sample injection : 1 µL. The MS conditions were ion source temperature: 200 o C, interface temperature: 280 o C, solvent cut time: 1.5 min, and detector temperature 280 o C. Mass spectra fragmentation patterns were used to identify the chemical compounds.

Data Analysis
Information on the ethnobotany studies of P. javanicum (Bayur) was obtained through interviewing with local informants and reviewing scientific literature database. The data obtained were tabulated and discussed descriptively. While to determine the names of chemical compounds of GC-MS results were approved by comparing each retention time indices, and mass spectra fragmentation patterns data with those from computer library WILEY7.LIB and open published literature (Andila et al. 2018).

Description of Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. (Bayur)
The name of Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. (Bayur) was described as a medium-size to a large tree, Emergent up to 59 m tall and 54 cm diameter at breast height (DBH). Stipules 5 mm long. Leaves alternate, simple, tripleveined, undersurface whitish-brownish, hairy, leaf base asymmetrical. Flowers 100 mm diameter, yellowish, with very long and narrow petals, flowers placed in racemes. Fruits 104 mm long, green-brown, hairy, dehiscent capsules filled with many winged seeds (Whitmore 1972;Wilkie 2013). This species occurs scattered in undisturbed to disturbed (open sites) mixed dipterocarp forests, up to 1,400 m of altitude. Usually on ridges or river banks. It was also found on limestone. Distributed from India, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and New Guinea (Whitmore 1972).

Ethnobotany Study of Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. (Bayur)
Based on interviews, the potential use of Bayur (P. javanicum) on Sasak Tribe around Gunung Rinjani National Park, West Lombok was described in Table  1. Their usage specifically as traditional medicine and traditional beverage (Salempa et al. 2014). Based on the collected data of Bayur application, informants also utilize the wood for furniture, house, boat, and bridge material. They are also use the wood for weathercock (weather control tools), berugak, and lumbung. Weathercock is usually placed in the garden near the house and it makes a nice and unique sound. A berugak, or gazebo, stands out front, while a lumbung, or rice barn, sits in the back. A berugak usually is square or rectangular with a thatch (alang-alang) roof, timber floor, and either four poles (sekepat) or six poles (sekenem), often of jackfruit or coconut wood. The berugak is an open-air structure which is separated from the house and it is part of the philosophy of life of the island's indigenous Sasak people.
Comparative analysis with previous research on the ethnobotany study of Bayur both in the Lombok region and in other areas was also described in this paper. Johnson (1998) in his book "Ethnobotany Desk Reference'' revealed that In Java and Malaya, P. javanicum (Bayur) has been used as a dentifrice and to treat several human diseases such as dysentery, gingivitis, inflammation, sore, sprains, and abdomen disorder. In Lombok, especially for the local community around the Mount Rinjani area, the root of P. javanicum (Bayur) was used as raw material for traditional beverage, with a local name of ''Tuak Bayur''. The local people believe that this traditional beverage can be used for diabetes treatment (Hidayat 2014). Bayur root added to palm sap (Arenga pinnata) serves as a tuak preservative. Another study also found that the Sesaot tribe community in West Lombok (West Nusa Tenggara) uses the mixture of roots of P. javanicum (Bayur) and water to treat haemorrhoids (Hidayat & Pendit 2012  found that the local cuisine of the Sasak tribe in Lombok Island used stem bark of P. javanicum (Bayur) as a traditional beverage. In West Nusa Tenggara, Bayur was also used as a building material and food flavoring (Dharma et al. 2017). Specifically, the medicinal use of P. javanicum base on the literature study was performed in Table 2.

The Chemical Constituents of Acetone Extract of The Flower of P. javanicum (Bayur) from Lombok
This study was carried out to determine the possible chemical compounds of acetone extract of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower from Lombok by GC-MS method. The complete result of the GC-MS analysis was shown in Table 3 and its chromatogram in Figure 1. This study revealed that the acetone extract of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower contained 38 identified chemical components, consisting of 93,78% of the total determined contents. The dominant compounds were Lupeyl acetate (10.68%), p-n-Amylphenol (8.16%), Lauric acid (7.31%), N-(Methyl-d2)-Aniline (5,82%), and Pentanal (5.07%). As far as the author's investigation, this report was the first publication about the phytochemical contents of P. javanicum flower. Moreover, Higher plants produce both primary and secondary metabolites. Adopting a phytochemical analysis approach for preliminary screening of plant's secondary metabolites seemed to be reasonable to obtain comparative information about the main group of secondary metabolites among those plants (Edriss et al. 2012). Plant secondary metabolites exhibit a wide composition of biological and pharmacological properties. Because of this, some medicinal products were derived from them and used to treat various infections and diseases (Wink 2015).
In this research, the study about screening phytochemical properties of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower was conducted by the GC-MS method. This method was chosen according to a previous study about phytochemical properties of bark extract of P. javanicum by Praptiwi and Fathoni (2017). The results showed that the flower of P. javanicum (Bayur) contained 38 identified chemical components with main properties consisted of Lupeyl acetate (10.68%), p-n-Amylphenol (8.16%), Lauric acid (7.31%), N-(Methyl-d2)- Aniline (5,82%), and Pentanal (5.07%). These components were quite different from the chemical compounds contained in Bark of P. javanicum. Praptiwi and Fathoni (2017) reported that the phytochemical compounds in the bark of P. javanicum (Bayur) consisted of 31 identified chemical compounds with dominant properties: stigmast-4-en-3-one (19.68%), γsitosterol (19.81%), and 4,22-Cholestadien-3-one 9 (9.09%). Thus far, there are only two of these publications which have reported on the phytochemical contents of P. javanicum. Some of the compounds identified in Bayur flower extract have pharmacological potential. Lupeyl acetate has potential as an anticancer, Leishmanicidal, and anti-inflammatory. (Suwito et al. 2016) reported that Lupeyl acetate, a major constituent of the bark of Artocarpus integra has anticancer activity. Juárez-vázquez et al. (2020) also found that Lupeol Acetate isolated from Cnidoscolus tehuacanensis showed potential as a Leishmanicidal and anti-inflammatory. Several compounds such as p-n-Amylphenol (Shapiro & Guggenheim 1998), lauric acid (Anzaku et al. 2017), acetic acid (Iroha et al. 2011), ethyl methacrylate (Rawlinson et al. 2010) and p-Vinylguaiacol are known to have antibacterial activity. p-Vinylguaiacol (Ravikumar et al. 2012), and 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol (Yang et al. 2016) showed high antioxidant activity, while Lauric acid and Linoleic acid (Choi 2014) have potential as medicine for cancer treatment (Lappano et al. 2017). Several compounds have also been identified to have anti-inflammatory activity, among others: p-Ethylguaiacol (Zhao et al. 2019), p-Vinylguaiacol (Ravikumar et al. 2012), 4-Allyl-2,6-dimethoxypheno (Xie et al. 2015), Eicosane and pentadecane (Okechukwu 2020). Eicosane and pentadecane were able to show very strong analgesic, and antipyretic effects (Okechukwu 2020). Indole was used for several diseases, such as muscle relaxants, antileukemic, neurotransmitter in the CNS, and also in the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems (Kaushik et al. 2013). These data support the fact that P. javanicum has been used by the Sasak people around Gunung Rinjani National Park as a traditional medicine to treat diseases.
Based on the results of this study, it can be seen that the chemical content contained in Bayur flowers can be associated with different pharmacological activities including antibacterial, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and analgesic properties, which can justify and confirm the indication of traditional therapeutic preparations based on plants. So it is hoped that bayur flowers can be used as an alternative material for traditional medicinal materials other than roots and bark which in practice tends to damage and kill the plants.

Pterospermum javanicum Jungh. Conservation Issues
Since there are no major threats envisaged for this taxon, there are no recommendations on conservation action at this point. This species was evaluated as Least Concern (Ganesan 2020). But the utilization of P. javanicum Jungh. from the forest by the Sasak people also needs to be evaluated in terms of the long term conservation prospects for this species. Nowadays, conservation requires a multidisciplinary approach, including the integration of local indigenous knowledge. It is a very important thing for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, especially for the medicinal used of forest products instead of pure timber harvesting (Nahdi et al. 2016;Pieroni et al. 2014;Shrestha & Kimberly 2017). So that the utilization of P. javanicum as traditional medicine and beverage by the local community in Lombok can be a sustainable basis in order to conserve the P. javanicum population in those areas. In addition, by knowing the chemical content of Bayur flowers, it is hoped that the community can use it as an alternative material for making traditional medicines because the use of flowers is much safer for plant survival when compared to the use of their stem bark or roots.

CONCLUSION
The investigation about ethnobotany studies showed that P. javanicum (Bayur) have been used by the local community in Lombok for various ethnobotanical purposes: traditional medicine and beverages, rigging, and house (building) material.
The phytochemical analysis revealed that the acetone extract of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower from Sumbawa contained 38 identified chemical components, representing 93,78% of the total compounds. The major contents of them were Lupeyl acetate (10.68%), p-n-Amylphenol (8.16%), Lauric acid (7.31%), N-(Methyl-d2)-Aniline (5,82%), and Pentanal (5.07%). This report was the first publication about the phytochemical contents of P. javanicum (Bayur) flower. This present study also indicated that P. javanicum (Bayur) flower contained phenolic compounds and triterpenoid, lupeyl acetate which had great potential for human medicine. By knowing the chemical content of Bayur flowers, it is hoped that the community can use it as an alternative material for making traditional medicines and support the conservation of Bayur.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION
P. S. A. designed the research, wrote the manuscript and supervised all the process. T. W. designed the research, wrote the manuscript, and reviewed the manuscript, I G. T. designed and collected the ethnobotani data. I P. A. H. W. designed and collected the ethnobotani data.