The Happiness of the Older Individuals in Indonesia and Its Associated Factors

I Kadek Dede Dwipayana; Putu Rima Ayu Padini

doi:10.22146/jsp.93998

The Happiness of the Older Individuals in Indonesia and Its Associated Factors

https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.93998

I Kadek Dede Dwipayana^(1*), Putu Rima Ayu Padini⁽²⁾

(1) Directorate of Social Resilience Statistics, Statistics Indonesia, Indonesia
(2) Directorate of Population and Labor Statistics, Statistics Indonesia, Indonesia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Indonesia has entered the ageing population phase, marked by the percentage of older individuals exceeding 10 per cent and continuing to rise. Older individuals are more vulnerable to various factors, such as economic non-productivity, declining health conditions, and the need for companionship. Happiness among older individuals is important because productive, healthy, and happy older individuals may become a second demographic dividend for the country’s development. By utilising the Happiness Index Survey (SPTK) 2021 data, this study aims to measure the happiness of Indonesian older individuals and identify the sociodemographic, socioeconomic, health, and social engagement factors associated with it. The happiness index for older individuals in Indonesia is estimated to be at 70.54 points, with 49.3 per cent of them having a happiness index above this number, categorised as happy, and 50.7 per cent falling into the less happy category. Binary logistic regression identifies significant factors associated with happiness among older individuals. These include marital status, education level, type of residence, household income, employment status, ownership of old-age security, non-presence of chronic diseases and disabilities, and frequency of communicating with family. Gender is not significantly associated with happiness among older individuals. Various interventions from stakeholders are crucial to enhance the happiness of older individuals, primarily to protect them from vulnerabilities. These include health protection, empowerment, welfare assurance, and social support for older individuals with limited social relationships.

Keywords

older individual population; factors of happiness; Indonesia; SPTK 2021

Full Text:

PDF

References

Angner, E., Ghandhi, J., Williams Purvis, K., Amante, D., & Allison, J. (2013). Daily Functioning, Health Status, and Happiness in Older Adults. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(5), 1563–1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9395-6

Antawati, D. I. (2020). Mother–Grandmother Co-Parenting in Multigenerational Urban Family in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 1st Borobudur International Symposium on Humanities, Economics and Social Sciences (BIS-HESS 2019). https://doi.org/10.2991/ assehr.k.200529.244

Ayuningtias, A. U. H. (2019). Religiusitas Sebagai Faktor Pendukung Kepuasan Hidup Lansia di Bali. JURNAL PSIKOLOGI MANDALA, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.36002/ jpm.v2i1.675

Bai, X., Yang, S., & Knapp, M. (2018). Sources and directions of social support and life satisfaction among solitary Chinese older adults in Hong Kong: the mediating role of sense of loneliness. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 13, 63–71. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S148334

Bloom, D. E., Jimenez, E., & Rosenberg, L. (2011). Social Protection of Older People. Global Population Ageing: Peril or Promise?, 83, 83–88. https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/1288/2013/10/PGDA_WP_89.pdf#page=86

BPS. (2021). Indeks Kebahagiaan 2021. Badan Pusat Statistik.

BPS. (2022). Statistik Penduduk Lanjut Usia 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik.

BPS. (2023a). Hasil Long Form Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik.

BPS. (2023b). Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2022. Badan Pusat Statistik.

BPS. (2023c). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2020–2050 Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. Badan Pusat Statistik.

Bum, C. H., Johnson, J. A., & Choi, C. (2020). Healthy aging and happiness in the korean elderly based upon leisure activity type. Iranian Journal of Public Health, 49(3), 454–462. https://doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v49i3.3141

Chen, Y., Hicks, A., & While, A. E. (2014). Loneliness and social support of older people living alone in a county of Shanghai, China. Health & Social Care in the Community, 22(4), 429–438. https://doi. org/10.1111/hsc.12099

Collard, S., & Hayes, D. (2014). Financial Wellbeing in Later Life: Evidence and Policy. March, 38. http://oro.open.ac.uk/40171/

Coombs, R. H. (1991). Marital Status and Personal Well-Being: A Literature Review. Family Relations, 40(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.2307/585665

de Souto Barreto, P. (2014). Direct and indirect relationships between physical activity and happiness levels among older adults: a cross-sectional study. Aging & Mental Health, 18(7), 861–868. https://doi.org/1.1080/13607863.2014.896863

Dey, A. B., Bajpai, S., Pandey, M., Singh, P., Chaterjee, P., Sati, H. C., & Pandey, R. M. (2020). Healthcare policies and programmes for older persons: Exploring awareness among stakeholders. Journal of Healthcare Quality Research, 35(6), 391–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhqr.2020.06.010

Djundeva, M., Dykstra, P. A., Fokkema, T., & Carr, D. (2019). Is Living Alone “aging Alone”? Solitary Living, Network Types, and Well-Being. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 74(8), 1406–1415. https://doi. org/10.1093/geronb/gby119

Dya, C. A., & Oktora, S. I. (2023). Pengaruh modal sosial terhadap kebahagiaan penduduk lanjut usia di Indonesia. Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia, 18(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.55981/jki.2023.1696

Easterlin, R. A. (1995). Will raising the incomes of all increase the happiness of all? Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 27(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(95)00003-B

Easterlin, R. A. (2006). Life cycle happiness and its sources: Intersections of psychology, economics, and demography. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(4), 463–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOEP.2006.05.002

Ergin, I., & Mandiracioglu, A. (2015). Demographic and socio economic inequalities for self-rated health and happ iness in elderly: the situation for Turkey regarding World Values Survey between 1990 and 2013. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 61(2), 224–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARCHGER.2015.06.011

Fauziyah, N., Simamora, K. H., Ningrum, S. D., & Salamiah, S. (2020). Faktor-Faktor Penunjang Kebahagiaan pada Lanjut Usia. TAUJIHAT: Jurnal Bimbingan Konseling Islam, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.21093/tj.v1i1.2449

Gunawan, I., Lin, M.-H., & Hsu, H.-C. (2020). Exploring the quality of life and its related factors among the elderly. South East Asia Nursing Research, 2(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.26714/seanr.2.1.2020.1-10

Han, J., Zhang, X., & Meng, Y. (2022). The impact of old-age pensions on the happiness level of elderly people – evidence from China. Ageing and Society, 42(5), 1079–1099. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X20001452

Hao, Y. (2008). Productive Activities and Psychological Well-Being Among Older Adults. The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 63(2), S64–S72. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/63.2.S64

Heryanah, H. (2015). Ageing Population Dan Bonus Demografi Kedua Di Indonesia. Populasi, 23(2), 1. https://doi.org/10.22146/ jp.15692

Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2013). Applied Logistic Regression. John Wiley & Son, Inc. Hwang, E. J., & Sim, I. O. (2021). Association of living arrangements with happiness attributes among older adults. BMC Geriatrics, 21(1), 100. https: //doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02017-z

Kemenkes. (2017). Analisis Lansia 2017 . Kementerian Kesehatan RI.

Kolosnitsyna, M., Khorkina, N., & Dorzhiev, K. (2014). What Happens to Happiness When People Get Older? Socio-Economic Determinants of Life Satisfaction in Later Life. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2515730

Koopmans, T. A., Geleijnse, J. M., Zitman, F. G., & Giltay, E. J. (2010). Effects of Happiness on All-Cause Mortality During 15 Years of Follow-Up: The Arnhem Elderly Study. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(1), 113–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-008-9127-0

Lee, H., Cho, S. H., Kim, J. H., Kim, Y. K., & Choo, H. I. (2014). Influence of self efficacy, social support and sense of community on health-related quality of life for middle-aged and elderly residents living in a rural community. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 44(6), 608–616. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2014.44.6.608

Lee, R. D., & Mason, A. (2006, September ). What is the demographic dividend? Finance and Development, 43(3), 16–17. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2006/09/basics.htm

Limayani, N., & Tanur, E. (2024). Happiness and air quality: microdata analysis in Indonesia. Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition , 43 (1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-024-00517-3

Luchesi, B. M., de Oliveira, N. A., de Morais, D., de Paula Pessoa, R. M., Pavarini, S. C. I., & Chagas, M. H. N. (2018). Factors associated with happiness in the elderly persons living in the community. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 74, 83–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2017.10.006

Miret, M., Caballero, F. F., Chatterji, S., Olaya, B., Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B., Koskinen, S., Leonardi, M., Haro, J. M., & Ayuso- Mateos, J. L. (2014). Health and happiness: cross-sectional household surveys in Finland, Poland and Spain. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 92(10), 716. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.13.129254

Nandini, D., & Afiatno, B. E. (2020). The Determinants Of Happiness: Empirical Evidence Of Java Island. Ekonika : Jurnal Ekonomi Universitas Kadiri, 5(2), 123. https://doi.org/10.30737/ekonika.v5i2.713

Ningtyas, L. K. S., Tentama, F., & Situmorang, N. Z. (2018). GAMBARAN SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING PADA PEREMPUAN LANJUT USIA. https://doi.org/10.31227/osf.io/j4wu7

Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2020). Who do we spend time with across our lifetime? https://ourworldindata.org/time-with-others-lifetime

Pawlowski, T., Downward, P., & Rasciute, S. (2011). Subjective well-being in European countries—on the age-specific impact of physical activity. European Review of Aging and Physical Activity, 8(2), 93–102. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11556-011-0085-x

Pratiwi, N. M., & Kismiantini. (2019). Implementing ordinal regression model for analyzing happiness level in Indonesia. Journal of Physics: Conference Series , 1320(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1320/1/012015

Putri, E. I. S., & Prasetyani, D. (2021). New Evidence of Individual Level of Happiness in Indonesia: Does Easterlin Paradox Matter? Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan, 13(1), 60–71. https://doi. org/10.17977/UM002V13I12021P060

Putro, W. G., Handoyo, L., Riski, Z. M., Pranata, A. D., Satria, B. M., Adha, M. Z., UZ, L. M. Z., Lestari, R. T. R., Ratriningtyas, T. O., & Mulyojati, B. (2023). Peningkatan Motivasi Gaya Hidup Sehat dengan Edukasi Pembelanjaan Kesehatan pada Kelompok Pekerja. Bhakti Community Journal, 2(1),1–13. https://doi.org/10.36376/bcj.v2i1.17

Rahayu, T. P. (2016). The Determinants of Happiness in Indonesia. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2016.v7n2p393

Rahman, M. H. U., Srivastava, S., Kumar, P., Singh, A., Gupta, D., & Kaur, V. (2022). Effect of Disability on High Quality of Life among Older Adults in Low and Middle-income Countries. Ageing International, 47(3), 373–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12126-021-09425-x

Rakhmawati. (2024). Indonesian Happiness Factor: A Panel Data Analysis. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Studi Pembangunan , 16(1), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.17977/um002v16i12024p016

Seligman, M. E. P., & Royzman, E. (2003). Happiness: The Three Traditional Theories. https://www.authentichappiness.sas.upenn.edu/newsletters/authentichappiness/happiness

Shah, S. A., Safian, N., Ahmad, S., Wan Ibadullah, W. A. H., Mohammad, Z. Bin, Nurumal, S. R., Mansor, J., Addnan, M. F., & Shobugawa, Y. (2021). Factors associated with happiness among malaysian elderly. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7). https:// doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073831

Shin, I. (2018). Could pension system make us happier? Cogent Economics & Finance, 6(1), 1452342. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1452342

Sofa, A. (2017). Pengaruh Persepsi Kesehatan Terhadap Tingkat Kebahagiaan Pada Lansia. Psikovidya, 21(2), 1–9. https://eprints.umm.ac.id/55745/

Steptoe, A. (2019). Happiness and Health. Annual Review of Public Health, 40(1), 339–359. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-044150

Stutzer, A., & Frey, B. S. (2006). Does marriage make people happy, or do happy people get married? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 35(2), 326–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2005.11.043

Tadic, M., Oerlemans, W. G. M., Bakker, A. B., & Veenhoven, R. (2013). Daily Activities and Happiness in Later Life: The Role of Work Status. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(5), 1507–1527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-012-9392-9

United Nations. (2015). The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (A/RES/70/1). In United Nations. United Nation. https:// sdgs.un.org/publications/transforming- our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable- development-17981

Veenhoven, R. (2012). Happiness: Also Known as “Life Satisfaction” and “Subjective Well-Being .” In Handbook of Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research (pp. 63–77). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2421-1_3

Veenhoven, R. (2017). Measures of Happiness: Which to Choose? (pp. 65–84). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61810-4_4

VNR. (2018). Ageing Related Policies and Priorities in the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development-As reported in the Voluntary National Reviews of 2016, 2017 and 2018. Voluntary National Reviews, December, 1–25.

Wallace, T. J. (2008). Life satisfaction in individuals age sixty-five years of age and older. Oklahoma State University.

Washington Group on Disability Statistics. (2023). Di sabil ity Measurement and Monitoring using the Washington Group Disability Questions. https://www.washingtongroup-disability.com/resources/disability-measurement-and- monitoring-using-the-washington-group-disability-questions-270/

World Health Organization. (1946). Constitution of the World Health Organization. Public Health Reports, 61, 1268–1279.

World Health Organization. (2017). Population Ageing and Longevity. Global strategy and action plan on ageing and health. WHO. http://apps.who.int/bookorders.%0Ahttp://apps.who.int/bookorders.%0Ahttp://www.who.int/ageing/global-strategy/en

Zaidi, S., Alam, A., & Mitra, P. K. (2009). Satisfaction with Life and Service Delivery in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union. The World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7900-4

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jsp.93998