Study on the Attractiveness of Fruit Flies Bactrocera spp . to Mango Fruit ’ s Extract

Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important pest attacking fruit and vegetable crops (Siwi et al., 2006). Fruit flies are pests being globally concern in the export and import of fruits (Suputa et al., 2006). Good controlling and monitoring couldmanage the population of fruit flies. The control and monitor technique commonly used is employing an attractant compound, such as methyl eugenol that attracts several male fruit fly species (Siwi et al., 2006). Methyl eugenol can not be used to attract female fruit flies, even though the female fruit flies also have a big influence on controlling and monitoring this pest. There is an important need to find alternative ways to control and monitor of fruit flies. One of them is through a study of several different mango varieties fruit extracts that may have a role to mark the host and oviposition site, and to attract male and female fruit flies. The aroma of guava, orange, starfruit, mango, and apple extracts influence the oviposition preference of Bactrocera carambolae in the laboratory (Himawan et al., 2013) and orange extract influences the feeding preference of B. dorsalis (Sumarmin et al., 2011). This study was aimed to determine the strength of attractiveness (number and type of species) and durability of mango fruit’s extract (days) which is the effective time of mango fruit’s extract to attract fruit flies.


INTRODUCTION
Bactrocera spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important pest attacking fruit and vegetable crops (Siwi et al., 2006). Fruit flies are pests being globally concern in the export and import of fruits . Good controlling and monitoring could manage the population of fruit flies. The control and monitor technique commonly used is employing an attractant compound, such as methyl eugenol that attracts several male fruit fly species (Siwi et al., 2006). Methyl eugenol can not be used to attract female fruit flies, even though the female fruit flies also have a big influence on controlling and monitoring this pest.
There is an important need to find alternative ways to control and monitor of fruit flies. One of them is through a study of several different mango varieties fruit extracts that may have a role to mark the host and oviposition site, and to attract male and female fruit flies. The aroma of guava, orange, starfruit, mango, and apple extracts influence the oviposition preference of Bactrocera carambolae in the laboratory (Himawan et al., 2013) and orange extract influences the feeding preference of B. dorsalis (Sumarmin et al., 2011). This study was aimed to determine the strength of attractiveness (number and type of species) and durability of mango fruit's extract (days) which is the effective time of mango fruit's extract to attract fruit flies.

Materials
The mango varieties used were raw and ripe arum manis, raw and ripe madu anggur, raw and ripe kweni, raw and ripe pakel, and water (as a control). The equipment used in this study was a fruit fly trap modified by Steiner using 600 ml of plastic water bottle (20 cm in height and 5 cm in diameter), paralon pipe, nylon rope, cotton, and a bamboo pole.

Research Design
This study used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors (the type and the maturity level of mango) in 5 different locations for setting up the trap. The type of mangoes used is arum manis, madu anggur, kweni, and pakel. The maturity level of mango is raw and ripe, thus the treatments would be 9: Control (K0) = water, M1a = ripe arum manis mango fruit's extract, M1b = raw arum manis mango fruit's extract, M2a = ripe madu anggur mangoes extract, M2b = raw madu anggur mangoes extract, M3a = ripe kweni mango fruit's extract, M3b = raw kweni mango fruit's extract, M4a = ripe pakel mango fruit's extract, M4b = raw pakel mango fruit's extract. Each treatment was repeated 5 times. This research was conducted from September 2017 to November 2017 in the mango plantation in Sragen Regency to collect the data of the attractiveness of fruit flies.

Extraction of Mango
This research was carried out by making extracts from 4 types of mangoes at the level of raw and ripe. The extract was produced using a blender with a ratio of 200 g mango fruit +100 ml water. The extract mango ratio used in this study was higher than reported by Sumarmin et al. (2011) and Himawan et al. (2013) who made solutions of 100 g of orange fruit extract + 100 ml water, and 100 g of fruit + 600 ml of water, respectively. Because this research was conducted in the field, it required a higher concentration of mango fruit's extract to prevent the aroma from evaporating too quickly.

Trapping Technique
2.5 ml of mango fruit's extract was dropped in a cotton (1 cm in diameter), placed in a trap made from a 600 ml of used mineral water bottle (contained 200 ml or one-third the size of the bottle), which holed at the top (2 holes facing each other), and attached to a plastic pipe (as a place for fruit flies to enter) ( Figure 1). The control treatment was carried out by dropping water on a cotton (1 cm in diameter) and put in a trap bottle. Observation and data collection was conducted over 7 days. The daily observation was employed on trapped-fruit flies, type of species fruit flies and the sex of fruit flies. The durability of mango fruit's extract is the effective time of mango fruit's extract to attract fruit flies (day) by observing the dynamic of trapped-fruit fly per day over 7 days. During 7 days observations, it could be determined how long the mango fruit's extract could attract fruit flies. Fruit fly was identified morphologically using manual dichotomous keys (Siwi et al., 2006;Suputa et al., 2006).

Data Analysis
The data were analyzed by ANOVA to determine the influence of four mango fruit extracts with the level of raw and ripe to the preferences of Bactrocera spp. A further test was conducted using DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test) at a significant level of 0.05. Two ways ANOVA/factorial test was used to determine the interaction of the two factors (mango type and maturity level) on the number of trapped-fruit flies and the durability of mango fruit's extract. Table 1 showed the number of trapped-fruit flies. ANOVA and DMRT analysis revealed that there were significant difference between treatment and control as follows:

Trap Capture of Fruit Flies
Total number. The extract of ripe arum manis mango, raw arum manis mango fruit's extract, ripe kweni mango fruit's extract, raw kweni mango fruit's extract, ripe pakel mango fruit's extract, and raw pakel mango were significantly different than the control. The ripe madu anggur mango fruit's extract and raw madu anggur mango fruit's extract were not significantly different from controls. Therefore, the treatment of ripe arum manis mango fruit's extract, raw arum manis mango fruit's extract, ripe kweni mango fruit's extract, raw kweni mango fruit's extract, pakel mango fruit's extract, and raw pakel mango fruit's extract may have good potentials in attracting male and female fruit Handaru et al. (Table 2) showed that the interaction of mango type and maturity level remained unknown on the total trap number.

Number of trapped-female.
Data on the number of trapped-female showed that there were significant different between six treatments (ripe arum manis mango fruit's extract, raw arum manis mango fruit's extract, ripe kweni mango fruit's extract, raw kweni mango fruit's extract, ripe pakel mango fruit's extract, and raw pakel mango fruit's extract) and the control. The ripe madu anggur mango fruit's extract and raw madu anggur mango fruit's extract were not significantly different from the control. Those findings revealed that the six treatments may have good potential in attracting female fruit flies as many as of 2.2-6 flies per trap in a week. Factorial analysis data (Table 2) showed that the interaction of mango type and maturity level remained unknown on the number of trapped-female.

Number of trapped-male.
The raw pakel mango extract and ripe pakel mango fruit's extract were significantly different from the control. The arum manis mango fruit's extract, raw arum manis mango fruit's extract, ripe madu anggur mango fruit's extract, raw madu anggur mango fruit's extract, ripe kweni mango fruit's extract, and raw kweni mango fruit's extract were not significantly different from control. These data showed that the raw pakel mango fruit's extract and ripe pakel mango fruit's extract may have the potential to attract male fruit flies with a catch of 4-9 flies per trap in a week. Factorial analysis data (Table 2) showed that the interaction of mango type and maturity level remained unknown on the number of trapped-male.

Species of Trapped-Fruit Flies
The trapped-fruit flies were identified using manual dichotomous keys (Siwi et al., 2006;Suputa et al., 2006). Morphological characteristics of the fruit flies for key identification are spot shape on the face; mesonotum color; the presence or absence of yellow bands on both lateral and middle thorax; color, pattern and number of hairs on the scutellum; the pattern on the wing vessels (costal band); the shape and pattern of the abdomen; the color and spot on the legs. There are three species of Bactrocera fruit flies obtained from the morphological identification: B. carambolae, B. papayae, and B. albistrigata. All mango fruit's extract treatments could attract male and female fruit flies of B. carambolae and B. papayae, and only raw Pakel mango fruit's extract could attract male of B. albistrigata.

Discussion
The attractancy mechanism of Bactrocera spp. against mango extracts in traps might be influenced by the nutrient of mango fruit extracts and the egglaying by female fruit flies.

Nutrition Preference
The attractiveness of Bactrocera spp. against mango extracts are due to the visual orientation of the fruit flies on the bait and the olfactory response of the flies to certain odour (Bernays & Chapman, 1994). The source of odour is a volatile compound derived from the mango fruit's extract evaporates to form pockets of odour carried away from its source by air. The pockets of odour are caught by the sensory antennae of the fruit flies (Bactrocera spp.). Each mango fruit's extract emits a different characteristic odour that causes different attractiveness to the fruit flies. Bactrocera spp. attracted to certain mango extracts will fly in the vicninity of the trap and may enter the trap, while the control treatment (KO) which does not emit odour, causing small or no attractancy to the fruit flies.
the type of fruit flies that are not the pest of mangoes, i.e. B. albistrigata.

Egg-laying
Besides being influenced by the nutrient content required by fruit flies, the attractiveness of fruit flies against mango extracts is also caused by the egglaying behaviour of the female fruit flies. A female would recognize the volatile compounds released by the fruit (kairomone) to determine the quality or the compatibility of the host (Prokopy & Roitberg, 1984cit. Putra & Suputa, 2013. Furthermore, after arrives at the host habitat (tree), the female begins to detect the shape and color of the host (fruit). After the host is found by the stimulation of odour received by fruit flies, and find it compatible on its nutritional quality, detect no harmful compounds in the host, have no competition with other insects, and no signs of natural enemies around the host, the female fruit flies will lay their eggs on the host (Putra & Suputa, 2013). That observation was similar to the result of this study, which showed that the mango fruit's extract could attract fruit flies, especially females, where the mango plants become a host for fruit flies, B. carambolae and B. papayae. This same finding was also reported by Carde & Bell (1995), who wrote that insects are able to detect special odour associated with essential elements of their host. Furthermore, Miller (1986) stated that in the mechanism to find the odour sources, insects were able to stop near the odour source, thus the insects would stay for a long time at that odour source. The chemical signals that were able to attract fruit flies and made them approach the hosts are in the form of volatile compounds (aromas) produced by the fruit (Alyokhin et al., 2000). According to Fletcher and Prokopy (1991) cit. Indriyanti (2011), fruit flies will respond to the aroma from plants and approach the host plant. The typical aroma of the host plant is generally in the form of low molecular weight volatile compounds which generally act as initial triggers for fruit flies to come to the plant. The behaviors of fruit flies, such as finding food, laying eggs, and mating is controlled and stimulated by semiochemicals, i.e. kairomone. Kairomone is an attractant derived from plants that can affect insect sensing (olfactory senses) (Kardinan 2003).

CONCLUSION
Raw pakel mango fruit's extract has good potential in attracting male and female fruit flies of B. carambolae and B. papayae, and male fruit flies of B. albistrigata with a total trap number of 15 flies/trap in a week.