* Corresponding Author
Pergeseran Strategi Indonesia Dalam Sengketa Dengan Tiongkok Antara Tahun 2009 Dan 2022 Serta Implikasinya Terhadap Ketahanan Wilayah Di Perairan Natuna Utara
https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.83036 Dani Andreas Butar Butar(1*)
(1) University of Reading, United Kingdom
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Ketegangan yang meningkat antara Indonesia dan Tiongkok mengenai klaim tumpang tindih atas perairan Natuna telah mendorong penelitian ini. Menariknya, sejak isu ini pertama kali terjadi pada tahun 2009, Indonesia dipimpin oleh dua pemerintahan yang berbeda yaitu Yudhoyono (2009 hingga 2014) dan Widodo (2014 hingga sekarang).
Kajian ini mencoba menganalisis pergeseran strategi dari masing-masing pemerintahan dalam mengatasi isu Natuna dengan menggunakan metode literature review dengan analisis data sekunder.
Setelah menganalisis tiga elemen teori strategi oleh Arthur Lykke – tujuan, cara dan sarana – studi ini menemukan bahwa pergeseran telah terjadi di semua aspek. Tujuan utama (ends) Widodo melalui kebijakan yang menitikberatkan pada kepentingan dalam negeri diimplementasikan melalui cara (ways) dengan menggunakan alat (means) untuk mengatasi persoalan perairan Natuna secara lebih aktual dan tegas baik dari segi politik, ekonomi, serta keamanan dan pertahanan. Artikel ini kemudian merekomendasikan pemerintah Indonesia untuk terus mempertahankan dan memperkuat praktik kebijakan ke dalam dan ke luar untuk menolak klaim Tiongkok dan menegaskan kepemilikan perairan Natuna.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Akmal, A., 2015, “Strategi Indonesia Menjaga Keamanan Wilayah Perbatasan terkait Konflik Laut Cina Selatan pada tahun 2009-2014”, Jurnal Online Mahasiswa Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik Universitas Riau, Vol. 2, No. 2, hh. 1–12.
Almutaqqi, A. I., 2019, "Indonesia’s Foreign Policy: Lessons from Five Years under the Jokowi Government’ in Salim, Z. (ed.)" in Evaluasi dan Agenda Pemerintahan Jokowi (2014-2024), Jakarta: The Habibie Centre, hh. 90–108.
Ambari, A., 2019, SKPT Natuna, Pusat Ekonomi Baru di Ujung Utara Indonesia. Available at <https://www.mongabay.co.id/2019/10/10/skpt-natuna-pusat-ekonomi-baru-di-ujung-utara-indonesia/>
Baumeister, R. F., dan Leary, M. R., 1997, "Writing narrative literature reviews", Review of General Psychology, Vol.1, hh. 311–320.
Chang, F.K., 2014, Even Indonesia: Concerns over China's Reach in the South China Sea. Available at: <https://www.fpri.org/article/2014/10/even-indonesia-concerns-over-chinas-reach-in-the-south-china-sea/>.
Chapman, B., 2016, "China’s Nine-Dashed Map: Continuing Maritime Source of Geopolitical Tension", Geopolitics, History, and International Relations, Vol. 8, No. 1, hh.146-168.
Connelly, A. L., 2015, ‘Sovereignty and the Sea: President Joko Widodo’s Foreign Policy Challenges’, Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 37, No.1, hh. 1–28.
Connelly, A. L., 2016, Indonesia in the South China Sea: Going it alone. Available at: <https://www.lowyinstitute.org/publications/indonesia-south-china-sea-going-it-alone>
Connelly, A. L., 2020, "Indonesia and the South China Sea Under Jokowi", Asia-Pacific Regional Security Assessment 2020, hh. 103–117.
Corti, L., 2018, "Data Collection in Secondary Analysis" in Flick, U. (ed.) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection. London: SAGE Publication, hh. 164-181.
Eksa, G., 2019, Tiga Komando Gabungan Wilayah Pertahanan TNI Diresmikan. Available at: <https://mediaindonesia.com/read/detail/262018-tiga-komando-gabungan-wilayah-pertahanan-tni-diresmikan>.
Fravel, M., 2011, "China's Strategy in the South China Sea", Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 33, No. 3, hh. 292-319.
Hellendorff, B., dan T. Kellner, 2014, Indonesia: A Bigger Role in the South China Sea. Available at: <https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/indonesia-a-bigger-role-in-the-south-china-sea/>
Ikeshima, T., 2013, "China's Dashed Line in the South China Sea: Legal Limits and Future Prospects" Waseda Global Forum, Vol.10, hh.17-50.
Inayati, R. S., 2016, "Pemerintahan Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan Politik Luar Negeri Indonesia", Jurnal Penelitian Politik - LIPI, Vol. 2, No. 1, hh. 35–49.
Irwin, S., 2013, "Qualitative Secondary Data Analysis: Ethics, Epistemology and Context’, Progress in Development Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, hh. 295–306.
Kapoor, K. dan F. Jensen, 2016, Indonesia President Visits Islands on Warship, Makes Point to China. Available at: <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-indonesia/indonesia-president-visits-islands-on-warship-makes-point-to-china-idUSKCN0Z909D>.
Keck, Z., 2014, Indonesia Beefs Up Air Force in South China Sea [Online]. Available at: <https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/indonesia-beefs-up-air-force-in-south-china-sea/>.
Kementerian Koordinator Bidang Kemaritiman dan Investasi Republik Indonesia, 2017. Available at: < https://jdih.maritim.go.id/id/peraturan-presiden-republik-indonesia-no-16-tahun-2017>
Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, 2010, Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 41 Tahun 2010 tentang Kebijakan Umum Pertahanan Negara Tahun 2010-2014, Available at: <http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/10pr041.pdf>
Kementerian Pertahanan Republik Indonesia, 2015, Kebijakan Pertahanan Negara Tahun 2016, Available at: <https://www.kemhan.go.id/itjen/2017/05/03/keputusan-menteri-pertahanan-republik-indonesia-nomor-kep-1255-m-xii-2015-tentang-kebijakan-pertahanan-negara-tahun-2016.html>
Laksmana, E. A., 2017, "Indonesian Sea Policy: Accelerating Jokowi’s Global Maritime Fulcrum", Asia Maritime Transparency Initiatives, hh. 3–5.
Laksmana, E. A., 2019, "Drifting towards Dynamic Equilibrium: Indonesia’s South China Sea Policy under Yudhoyono" , in Fionna, U., Negara, D., and Simandjuntak, D. (ed.) Aspirations with Limitations: Indonesia’s Foreign Affairs under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, hh. 153–175.
Laksmana, E. A., 2020, Indonesia, Natuna and the Natuna Linchpin. Available at: <https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/indonesia-china-and-the-natuna-linchpin/>
Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), 2013, Kajian Kebijakan Alusista Pertahanan dan Keamanan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta: LIPI Press.
Lundry, C., 2018, Assessing Indonesia’s Foreign Policy under Jokowi, Asia Policy, Vol. 13, No. 4, hh. 30-35.
Marshall, A. R., 2014, Remote, gas-rich islands on Indonesia’s South China Sea frontline. Available at: <https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-indonesia-natuna-insigh-idUSKBN0GP1WA20140825>
McMillan dan Schumacher, 2001, Research in Education: A Conceptual Introduction. New York: Pearson Longman.
McRae, D., 2019, "Indonesia’s South China Sea Diplomacy: A Foreign Policy Illiberal Turn?", Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 49, No. 5, hh. 759–779.
Muhibat, S. F., 2018, "Nationalism, Sovereignty and Foreign Policy: Indonesia and the Disputes over the South China Sea' in Patunru, A. A., M. Pangestu, dan M.C. Basri, (ed.) Indonesia in the New World: Globalisation, Nationalism and Sovereignty, Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
Ng, J., 2020, "The Natuna Sea Incident: How Indonesia Is Managing Its Bilateral Relationship With China". Available at: <https://thediplomat.com/2020/01/the-natuna-sea-incident-how-indonesia-is-managing-its-bilateral-relationship-with-china/>.
Prabowo, E., 2013, "Kebijakan dan Strategi Pertahanan Indonesia (Studi Kasus Konflik di Laut China Selatan", Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, Vol. 19, No. 3, hh. 118–129.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 16 Tahun 2017 Tentang Kebijakan Kelautan Indonesia.
Peraturan Presiden Nomor 27 Tahun 2019 Tentang Susunan Organisasi TNI.
Rabbani, A., 2019, China’s Hegemony in the South China Sea, World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, Vol. 23, No. 3, hh. 66-79.
Riska, E., 2016, "Diplomasi Maritim Indonesia terhadap Altivitas Penengkapan Ikan Ilegal (Illegal Fishing) oleh Nelayan China di ZEEI Perairan Kepulauan Natuna", Jurnal Prodi Diplomasi Pertahanan, Vol. 3, No. 2, hh. 33–47.
Snyder, H., 2019, "Literature Review as A Research Methodology: An Overview and Guidelines", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 104 (August), hh. 333–339.
Sudirman, A., J.Mooy, M.F. Malutfi, R.A. Ramadhan, 2019, "Militarising the Natuna Islands for Indonesia’s Gunboat Diplomacy", Central European Journal of International and Security Studies, Vol. 13, No. 4, hh. 13–33.
Sulaiman, Y., 2019, "What Threat? Leadership, Strategic Culture, and Indonesian Foreign Policy in the South China Sea", Asian Politics and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 4, hh. 606–622.
Suwarno, P., S.H. Sumantri, dan F. Bahar, 2021, Rekonstruksi Keamanan Maritim Indonesia dalam rangka Ketahanan Wilayah (Studi di Kabupaten Natuna Periode Tahun 2019-2020), Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, Vol. 27, No.1, hh.65-89.
Tiola, 2020, Rising Tensions in Natunas: Test for Indonesia’s New Defence Commands, Available at: <https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis-publication/idss/rising-tensions-in-natunas-test-for-indonesias-new-defence-commands/#.XqUCGJMzYV>.
Tranfield, Denyer dan Smart, 2003, "Towards a methodology for developing evidence-informed management knowledge by means of systematic review", British Journal of Management, Vol.14, hh. 207–222.
United Nations (UN), 1982, Convention on the Law of the Sea [Online]. Available at: <https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf >
United Nations (UN), 2010, Unofficial translation of note verbale from the Permanent Mission of the Republic of Indonesia, No. 480/POL-703/VII/10, United Nations, New York, 8 July, Available at: <http://www.un.org/depts/los/clcs_new/submissions_files/mysvnm33_09/idn_2010re_mys_vnm_e.pdf>
Utami, S.T., 2022, "Keamanan Regional Asia Tenggata Pasca Perjanjian AUKUS dan Implementasinya pada Ketahanan Indonesia", Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, Vol. 28, No. 2, hh. 199-221.
Weatherbee, D. E., 2017, "Indonesia’s Foreign Policy in 2016: Garuda Hovering", Southeast Asian Affairs, hh. 163–176.
Webster dan Watson, 2002, Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. Management Information Systems Quarterly, Vol. 26, No. 3.
Wood, J. R, 2021, China’s maritime strategy and national security in the South China Sea, Journal of Intelligence and National Security, Vol. 36, No. 3, hh. 444-450.
Yarger, H. R., 2006, "Toward a Theory of Strategy: Art Lykke and the Army War College Strategy Model", U.S. Army War College, hh. 107–113.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.83036
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 1561
| 
views : 1096
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2023 Dani Andreas Butar Butar
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.