Farmers Entrepreneurship and Performance of Red Onion Farming in Bantul District

The purposes of this study were: (1) To identify the level of onion farmers entrepreneurship in Bantul district, (2) To determine the influence of individual factors, physical, social, economic and institutional environment on the level of farmers entrepreneurship and performance of red onion farming in Bantul district, and (3) To determine the effect of the level farmers entrepreneurship on performance of red onion farming in Bantul district. The method study uses descriptive analytical, which analyzed the data further to find a relationship or ratio between the variables in the theoretical framework of thinking. Data collection using questionnaires previously tested the validity of using Product Moment Correlation and reliability testing using Cronbach Alpha coefficients. Data analysis techniques broadly consists of three stages: a preliminary analysis to calculate individual farm performance indicators (produtifitas, revenue and Private Cost Ratio), descriptive analysis of the percentage of the study variables and analysis of structural equation model (SEM). The research results showed that the level of red onion farmers entrepreneurship in Bantul categorized high with an overall average percentage of 70.87%. Individual factors, physical, social, economic and institutional environment positive and significant impact on the farmers entrepreneurship and performance of farming. The factor that has the greatest positive effect of individual factors followed by the institutional environment. The physical environment and the economy have the same magnitude, while the smallest is the social environment influences. Farmer entrepreneurship positive effect on farm performance and has an important role in mediating the influence of individual and environmental factors on farm performance. These results provide evidence for the idea that entrepreneurial farmers is something that can be grown and can be considered to be a new approach in improving farm performance.


INTRODUCTION
Farm sector (on-farm) research are generally more focused on analyzing farm performance and the determinants of production and income in the technological aspects of cultivation.Farm production is generally more associated with the use of inputs of land, seed, fertilizer, medicine, labor, farmers age and land fertility.
The success of peasant farming in achieving high performance in fact is not only determined by the activities of cultivation techniques but is also influenced by how much the ability of farmers to manage and creation production factors under their control into a profitable business and sustainability efforts.This capability is referred to as entrepreneurship Farmers entrepreneurship are very important as a new approach in improving farm performance among others based on the entrepreneurial characteristics and also because in the future based farmer with all its limitations either in relation to arable land, technology, capital, management, information and access to markets, farmers should strive to achieve high performance farm in the middle of the business environment is not favorable either because the output market is not conducive, which does not support the nature and related problems with cultivation (Wibowo, 2005).
Entrepreneurship is important for the development of agribusiness (Soetriono, 2006).Entrepreneurship is also important to the process of economic development, including agricultural development.Pressure business environment in the agricultural sector are entering an era of international trade that is free and as if without geographical boundaries, the marketing of agricultural products in the world, including Indonesia entered a period of difficult times so we need entrepreneurs who can compete for the challenge and the opportunities that exist (Priyanto, 2004 ).
The above opinions are explicitly or implicitly suggests that an important entrepreneurship in agribusiness, but the empirical evidence on the agriculture sector (especially in on-farm sectors) are so rare.Therefore, farmers need to prove whether entrepreneurship can be an alternative approach in improving farm performance in this study examines farmers and farming of red onion in Bantul district based on the characteristics and potential.
The purpose of this study were: (1) To identify the level of onion farmers entrepreneurship in Bantul district, (2) To determine the influence of individual factors, physical, social, economic and institutional environment on the level of farmers entrepreneurship and performance of red onion farming in Bantul district, and (3) To determine the effect of the level farmers entrepreneurship on performance of red onion farming in Bantul district.

METHODS
The data used in this study are primary and secondary data.Bantul District was purposively selected as the study site.Sanden and Kretek selected sub as with sub samples were further selected two villages namely Srigading and Parangtritis sample.The study was designed using SEM method approach.According to Hair et al. (1995) in Solimun (2008), there are two ways of determining an appropriate sample size for SEM, namely: (1) 100-200 or (2) as much as 5-10 times the number of estimated parameters.In this study, determination of the number (size) of the sample using the basic approach of the first, which is defined as the number of samples 100 farmers plant ingred in season I 2011 intentionally (purposive).

Validity and Reliability Test for Questionnaire
The validity test of the items was measured using Product Moment Correlation analysis, while there liability test was done by using Cronbach Alpha Formula (Arikunto, 2002).Calculation of validity and reliability with SPSS 20.0 for windows.

Structural Equation Model Analysis
The analysis is divided into two parts: a confirmatory factor analysis (Confirmatory Factor Analysis/CFA), which aimed to test the constructs unidimensionalitas of exogenous and endogenous constructs that will confirm whether the observed variables reflect factors analyzed and the analysis of SEM (Structural Equation Model ) by building a theoretical model is presented in Table 1. and the model presented in Figure 1.

Validity and Reability Test
The validity of the statement items to measure of farmers perceptions tophysical, social, economic, and institutional environmental factors variables and entrepreneurial onion farmers in Bantul.The results showed all the items valid because the wholes statement item questionnaire obtained r-count (corrected item total correlation) greater than the value of r-table.
The values for reliability testing using Cronbach alpha coefficients scores derived from questionnaire items were valid.The questionnaire has high reliability coefficients obtained if > 0.60 (Ghozali, 2002).Based on reliability test results also showed that the questionnaire used in the data collection reliable because the Cronbach alpha coefficient greater than 0.6.

Individual Factors
Individual factors in this study is a latent variable measured by the indicators of age, formal education, farming experience and household size.Based on Table 2. it can be seen that the onion farmers dominated by middle age is between 36-55 years of age where age is still productive.Age is still earning an internal environmental factors that allegedly could be supporting the development of the entrepreneurial spirit because it is still potential to develop themselves and the farm.
The majority of the onion farmers of education is high school, followed by 43% with 31% SMP.This shows that farmers have adequate education and it is expected to be a supporter of the development of the entrepreneurial spirit that farmers are better able to manage the farming and be able to respond to market demands.
Onion farmers farming experience dominated > 20 years are followed by 28% and 24% 16-20 years.While farming experience ≤ 5 years only 7%.The description indicates that most farmers had farming experience enough red onion.The more the number of family members the costs incurred to meet the needs of farmers will also increase, although not always so.However, a growing number of family members covered will be more motivating farmers to be more successful in farming.Based on Table 2. predominantly peasant family size of 2-3 people is 68%, followed by 4-5 people is 24%.

Table 1. Theoretical Model Building Research
No Variables Indicator 1.
Economics Environment (ξ 4 ) The development of farm income (X 11 ) The development of inputs market (X 12 ) The development of output market (X 13 ) 5.
Institutional Environment (ξ 5 ) The role of farmer groups (X 14 ) The role of agricultural extension (X 15 ) The role of credit agencies (X 16 ) 6. Entrepreneurship

Physical Environmental Factors
Table 3. indicates that the physical environment is categorized favor with the average percentage of 68.76%.This is because the transport and irrigation support and development of cultivation techniques are quite supportive.The condusive condition physical environment will be grow entrepreneurial farmers ultimately expected positive effect on onions farm performance improvement.

Social Environmental Factors
Table 4. showed that based on the average percentage of the overall social environment of 69.69% and zoned support.That is because the average percentage of family and community support are high, amounting to 82.10% and 70.27%.Family support and community support for the growth categorized entrepreneurship onion farmers in farming, while farmers perceived government support is only enough to support the average percentage of 56.72%.

3.Economics Environment
Table 5. showed that based on the average percentage of the overall economic environment and categorized by 69.40% support.That is because the average percentage of farm income growth is high at 80.20% and zoned support.While the perception of farmers to input and output market conditions sufficient to support that the average percentage of respectively 66.20% and 58.40%.

Institutional Environmental Factors
Table 6.showed that based on the average percentage of the overall institutional environment of 69.89% and zoned support.This is mainly because the average percentage of the role of farmer groups is very high at 86.08% and categorized very supportive.While the perception of farmers to agricultural extension and credit institutions are sufficiently supported by the average percentage of respectively 66.00% and 57.60%.

6.Farming Performance
The first performance indicators onion farm is productivity.Based on the research productivity of minimum total of 61 quintals/hectares, while the maximum productivity is 131 quintals/hectare, average productivity is 92 quintals/hectares.Average productivity in Bantul be considered high when compared to productivity in other production centers such as Brebes district is 77.48 quintals/hectares at planting and in the same year (Kartikasari, 2012).
A second indicator is the income of farmers from farming of onion in Bantul average of Rp 25.868.109,27/hectares.The median income of farmers is large enough for onion price is quite high, averaging Rp 6579.00.According to farmers, the price level in the growing season I usually relatively better than the second season though not always the case.
A third indicator is the competitive advantage.The approach used to calculate the competitive advantage is through PCR (Private Cost Ratio).If the PCR value is less than one, indicating that a commodity is financially efficient and have a competitive advantage.The results obtained by the analysis of PCR values by 0,58, which means to increase the revenue of 10.000,00 required additional domestic factor costs of Rp 5.800,00 on financial prices, while the minimum and maximum competitive advantage respectively of 0.90 and 0.28.PCR value smaller than one indicates that the farming of onion in Bantul financially efficient and have a competitive advantage.9. shows that almost all of the variables were analyzed to yield significant results or in other words is a good addition to forming constructs indicators X7 and X9.However, the value of CR ≥ 2,00, the standardized regression weight ≥ 0,5 and p ≤ 0,05 indicates that the variable is still a good-forming constructs (Ghozali, 2011).
Table 10.shows the results of confirmatory factor analysis of the feasibility of this model exogenous constructs, it appears that most of the requirements are not fulfilled, namely probability, GFI and TLI.However, these values are close to the cut off value, and there are some goodness of fit index that has been fulfilled.In addition, the value of the standardized regression weight entirely ≥ 0,5, so it is concluded that the confirmatory factor analysis of the exogenous construct viable and retained in the model.11. showed that the overall variables were analyzed to yield significant results or otherwise are forming a good construct for CR value ≥ 2.00, the standardized regression weight ≥ 0.5 and p ≤ 0.05 indicates that the variable remains good construct forming .
Table 12.showed the results of the feasibility model of endogenous construct confirmatory factor analysis shows that all the requirements have been met as required.So it can be stated that the endogenous construct confirmatory factor analysis feasible in the model or in other words it can be stated that the indicators forming the construct of endogenous as strong indicators in the measurement model.13. showed that the goodness of fit test results SEM produces good fit indeces in the X2criterion Chi-Square Probability, RMSEA, Cmin/DF, CFI and TLI and marginal (approximately requirements) that GFI of 0.819 indicating that the model had a satisfactory match because probability values and structural model index is above the recommended level, this model is considered a reasonable representation of the data so no need to modify model.

Stuctural Equation Modelling (SEM) Analysis
Table 14 is the value of standardized regression weights indicate the individual and environmental factors influence the total positive and significant impact on entrepreneurial farmers and farm performance.In addition, entrepreneurial farmers also showed a positive and significant impact on farm performance.This is presumably due to individual factors and environmental conditions conducive to supporting the growth of entrepreneurial farmers and farm performance.So it can be concluded that the second and third research hypothesis is accepted.
Based on the analysis of the direct and indirect influence of individual and environmental factors have a significant and positive influence on entrepreneurial farmers and farm performance in Bantul onion.When compared to the direct influence of individual and environmental factors on farm performance was greater indirect influence (through entrepreneurship) so that it can be stated that entrepreneurship has an important role in mediating the influence of individual and environmental factors on farm performance.These results provide evidence for the idea that entrepreneurial farmers can be considered to be a new approach in improving farm performance.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results Exogenous ConstructsTable 9. Regression and Standardized Regression Weight Exogenous Constructs in Confirmatory Analysis Estimatte Std.Regression Weight S.E.C.R. P Label

Table 2 .
Description of Individual Factors onion farmers in Bantul n= 100

Table 3 .
Farmers Perception on Physical Environmental Factors, n = 100

Table 4 .
Farmers Perception on Social Environmental Factors, n = 10

Table 5 .
Farmers Perception of Environmental Economics Factors, n = 100 VS (Very Supports), S (Support), ES (enough support), NS (No Support), DNS (It Does Not Support)

Table 6 .
Farmer Perceptions on Institutional Environmental Factors, n = 100

Table 8 .
Performance of Onion Farming Planting season of 2011 in Bantul

Table 10 .
Feasibility Testing Results Model on Exogenous Constructs

. Confirmatory Factor Analysis -Endogenous Constructs Figure 3.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis Results Endogenous Constructs

Table 11 .
Regression and Standardized Regression Weight Exogenous Constructs in Confirmatory

Table 12 .
Feasibility Testing Results Model on Endogenous Constructs

Table 13 .
Feasibility Testing Results Model on Endogenous Constructs

Table
It may prove that entrepreneurship is something that can be grown and developed with individual factors and environmental conditions that support.3. Entrepreneurship farmer positive effect on farm performance and has an important role in mediating the influence of individual and environmental factors on farm performance.These results provide evidence for the idea that entrepreneurial farmers can be considered to be a new approach in improving farm performance.