Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Dams-Literature Review and Future Needs

Dam is a structure with high beneficial values and these include, serving as the source of raw water supply and electrical energy, ensuring flood reduction, tourist attractions, and habitat protection. It is, however, associated with a very complex development process ranging from the planning/design, construction, as well as operation and maintenance. Therefore, there is a need for special attention, accuracy, and good coordination at every stage from the parties involved as well as the integration of all fields starting from the Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) elements. Moreover, ensuring an effective and efficient construction process presents a serious challenge for the owner/government, designers, consultants and contractors which is now being resolved through the use of a technological innovation known as the Building Information Modeling (BIM). This study was conducted to determine the scientific developments of BIM for dam management and also to identify further related areas to be researched in the future. Moreover, the analysis was concentrated on the potential added value of the technological innovations on dams, explained its advantages, and assesses the potential challenges hampering its effectiveness in Indonesia. It was discovered that the use of BIM for dam projects is possible as long as there are adequate government regulations and the availability of qualified human resources while the consequence would be an increase in the investment cost. The findings of this research are expected to encourage the use of BIM in dam construction and management in Indonesia and also to increase efficiency and effectiveness in all aspects.


INTRODUCTION
Dams are defined as man-made barriers built on natural terrain to control or store water (Schurer, et al. 2002). They are further described as complex facilities usually comprising of water reservoirs or control structures, reservoirs, spillways, outlet works, powerhouses, and canals or drains (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2007). There are several high benefits attached to dams, and according to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (2007), they include recreation, flood control, water storage, irrigation, mine tailings, electrical generation, debris control, and navigation. In addition to the aforementioned, they are also useful as a source of raw water, fisheries, and conservation (Mulyono, 2017). There are, however, complex problems attached to the development of dams to provide these benefits and they vary from the design/planning and construction stages to the maintenance operations involving owners/government, planners, consultants, and executors. In recent times, these challenges are now being resolved through the use of a technological innovation called the Building Information Modeling (BIM).
According to Paul (2018), this method is being applied for infrastructural projects in developed countries. However, Indonesia is also currently heading towards the process of adopting technology in constructing infrastructures. For example, in the Appendix to the Minister of Public Works and Housing Regulation No. 22 of 2018 concerning State Buildings, it is stated that BIM needs to be applied to non-modest state buildings with criteria of the area above 2,000 m 2 and more than 2 (two) floors (Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2018) while there are no mandatory regulations on the application of BIM to other infrastructures such as roads, bridges, dams, etc.
The fast implementation of this technology is observed with the Directorate General of Human Settlements where it has been applied for sever projects owned by the agency (BIM Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2019b). Moreover, the Directorate General of Highways has also implemented the use of BIM in several toll projects (Directorate General of Human Settlements, 2018) and have also planned to enact mandatory policies by 2020 which has led to the creation of three working groups to review and compile a legal basis for the implementation, preparation of technical guidelines, manuals, and modules as well as training curriculum on BIM (BIM Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2019a).
BIM has been widely used in building projects but there are very few applications in Civil Engineering (Wang et.al. 2018) especially for dams. For example, South Korea has utilized the technology mostly in the design phase of dam construction and also for process management, stimulation, and advertising (Ju & Seo, 2012). In Indonesia, BIM is now being applied by contractors in several dam projects based on requests from the Directorate General of Water Resources but still limited by the lack of regulations mandating its use both at the planning stage by the consultant and the construction implementation stage by the contractor.
Based on these descriptions, there is a need to study the use of BIM in the dam construction process. Therefore, this paper discusses several studies conducted in relation to this topic in order to determine the scientific developments in the field and also to clarify further research to be developed and conducted on dam projects in Indonesia.

METHODOLOGY
The paper was conducted by analyzing the use of BIM in infrastructure projects including dam projects both inside and outside Indonesia through the use of academic papers from several construction science journals, book chapters, dissertations, and conference proceedings with a focus on dams and BIM. Papers and articles used were classified based on their use of keywords such as BIM, dams, and the use of BIM on dams. Meanwhile, qualitative analysis was used to identify the interaction of papers from different backgrounds. Moreover, the research process flow is shown in Figure 1.

Current Application of BIM in AEC
BIM is a 3D model-based process that provides Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) insight and tools for professionals to plan, build, manage buildings and infrastructure more efficiently (Autodesk, 2019). It is also useful for generating and managing data such as geometry, spatial relationships, quantities, the properties of components, etc. during the life cycle of a building (Ratajczak et al., 2019). BIM also has the ability to transform how a building is designed and built and also to facilitate multi-disciplinary coordination, integration of 3D design, analysis, cost estimation, and construction scheduling (McArthur, 2015).
According to Azhar (2011), the technology can be used for several purposes including visualization, fabrication/shop drawings, code reviews, cost estimation, sorting of construction, detecting conflicts, disturbances and clashes, forensic analysis, and facility management. Moreover, BIM application in several phases of project development is in different types as shown in Figure 2. These include 2D and 3D which are the basic form with limited use such as documentation and visualization, 4D which requires additional time and mostly used to optimize planning through schedule, 5D which comes with additional costs and used to develop a more efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable construction through cost/estimation, 6D which provides additional energy analysis and used to regulate overall energy consumption for as-built operation or sustainability, and 7D for the optimization of asset and facility management from the design to operations and maintenance phase (Kacprzyk & Kępa, 2014; Ministry of Public Works and Housing, 2017).
A survey conducted by Eadie, etal. (2013) reported the utilization of BIM at the stage of design was 55%, detailed design and auction was 52%, construction was 35%, feasibility was 27% while the operation and maintenance stages were found to be 9%. Moreover, the BIM application was discovered to be effective in all stages of the project by providing several benefits such as the improvement in the quality of design, ease of implementation, ability to share information, reduced construction costs, design errors and construction time, improve energy efficiency, and support construction and project management.
McGraw Hill Construction data (2014) also showed 90% of planning teams and 70% of general contractors in the UK use BIM without the request of the owner while 52% was based on requests. Moreover, other indicators showed that in 2016, 55% of infrastructural project owners always use BIM consultants.

The Benefits and Constraints of Using BIM
The infrastructure life-cycle is mainly divided into 3 phases and these include Design (D), Construction (C), and Operations (O) (Succar, 2009). In Indonesia, the project delivery method, especially for each life cycle of government projects, is generally referred to as Design -Bid -Build. Moreover, each phase of infrastructure life cycle 4.0 is faced with challenges such as synergy, integration, transparency, accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency.
However, these challenges can be addressed through the use of BIM for information management (Xu, et al. 2014). According to Succar (2009), the implementation of this technological innovation has the ability to change the relationships, activities, and tasks of life-cycle management. It is also considered as an ideal digital tool to store and manage all data related to the life-cycle of a building (Becerik-Gerber et.al., 2012) for future utilization (Xu et al., 2014). It also ensures the information from each party starting from the design to the operation and maintenance stage is continuously circulated and updated. It is, therefore, necessary to understand the working process of BIM concerning the flow and exchange of information (Xu et al., 2014).
Another problem observed in the infrastructure life-cycle is the inapplicability of information from one phase in others, for example, inability to use the information provided in the design during construction and, consequently, in the operation phase (Jiao, et al. 2013). BIM is an effective tool to integrate information from several different stages to ensure smooth communication and effective information usage which is the most important element of life-cycle management (Xu, et al. 2014). The technological innovation performs three forms of management and these include collaborative by negotiating different parties with varying software, risk management by reducing the probability and impact of adverse events on the project, and sustainability analysis of complex buildings performance to ensure optimal and sustainable design (Xu et al., 2014).
Each phase of the infrastructure life-cycle involves the activities of several stakeholders including owners, designers, contractors, and facility managers. According to Azhar, et al. (2012), the benefits of BIM for each of them are shown in Table 1.
Several project management sources recognized the advantages of BIM, for example, it was found to have the ability to ensure better project performance and quality, increasing productivity, reducing waste, faster delivery, new opportunities for revenue and business, and low construction costs (Diaz, 2016). According to Bryde et al. (2014), several successful reasons to use BIM include cost reduction followed by time reduction, communication enhancement, coordination, quality improvement, negative risk reduction, and organizational improvement based on the research conducted on 35 projects. Moreover, another study by Fanning et al. (2014) showed the application was able to save costs by 5-9% during construction. data: Environmental performance is more predictable, and lifecycle costs are better understood. 4) Better production quality: Documentation output is flexible through the use of automation. 5) Automated assembly: It is possible to use digital product data in downstream processes as well as manufacturing and assembly of structural systems. 6) Better customer service: Proposals are better understood through accurate visualization. 7) Lifecycle data: Requirements, design, construction, and operational information can be used in facilities management.
However, despite these advantages, there are several obstacles to the application of BIM in different countries. According to McGraw Hill Construction data (2014), these constraints include (1) cost/funding/initial investment, (2) training investment/lack of skilled users, (3) adoption on a broad scale and (4) lack of BIM standards throughout the industry. This was also supported by Eadie, et al. (2013) that the software is mostly not used in construction projects due to the lack of expertise among the project team members and several organizations, lack of demand for the use of BIM, investment costs, and the lack of additional project costs to support its application.

Future Utilization of BIM in Dam Construction
Dam with all its complex and detailed facilities requires a tool to integrate and coordinate each stage of construction as well as all the parties involved. For example, the implementation of earthworks involving cut and fill is very complex due to the high level of uncertainty it contains and this means the complete construction of the dam is not guaranteed without changes or deviations from the plan (Rozy, 2015). Moreover, Hidayah, et al. (2018) explained the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) for main dam work consists of dewatering, earthworks, support and protection, drilling and grouting, top of the dam, drainage of foot dam, instrumentation, and electrical machinery. All of these works have a huge potential for uncertainty considering the project is highly dependent on topographical and geological conditions of the construction site. According to the World Commission on Dams (WCD) (2001), a dam is a complex building with quite expensive costs and, based on 3 dams studied, it was estimated to require USD 6 billion and this one of the reasons it requires a long time of construction ranging from 4 to 6 years. However, BIM has the ability to integrate every stage of the implementation to overcome these problems by estimating costs and using 3D model visualization to immediately monitor changes or deviations.
In the construction process, BIM is also capable of improving design efficiency and quality, reducing costs and misunderstandings between different parties (Matt, 2013), ensuring effective quarry management (Russell & Jackson, 2014), as well as in designing and manufacturing of pre-cast concrete reservoirs (Russell & Jackson, 2014). In addition, it has also been implemented in the monitoring process (Coetzee, 2018). However, BIM has not been widely used in dam projects in Indonesia due to several issues such as (1) the absence of qualified human resources (HR) with the knowledge of the software, especially for planners and government/owner (2) lack of government regulations requiring the use of the software in the country's dam construction projects, and (3) high initial investment costs to provide software to integrate 3D design, finance, and schedule. Therefore, the implementation of BIM for dam projects is expected to start from the government through the preparation of regulations requiring the use of BIM from the planning stage. The results obtained in the form of DED would be used by the owner in the bidding process while the contractor is expected to use the shop drawing which has been equipped with cost estimates and scheduling for the construction. Furthermore, the shop drawings would be arranged as-built drawings in accordance with the conditions of the field and later submitted to the government/owner. Through the assessment of the 4D through 7D capabilities of BIM, it is possible to determine the schedule and estimate costs for the project.
The application of BIM at the operation and maintenance stage of the dam through the process of asset management is another future challenge. Dam, being a vital asset, needs to be well managed because of its numerous benefits to the general public as well as a possible risk of disasters. However, the cost of maintenance and rehabilitation is usually expensive and increases over time. This means there is a need for adequate, timely and quality processes to reduce the burden of funding for maintenance and reengineering. Therefore, BIM has a new level of technical collaboration process designed to facilitate issues of sustainability and asset management (Kivits & Furneaux, 2013).
BIM as also been reported to have the ability to help the government/owner in taking inventory of some important data related to the construction and management of dams. These include the location of assets, shop and as-built drawings of assets, asset damage history including the time and cost to repair or maintain components and allocation of costs by the government.

CONCLUSION
Through the review of several pieces of literature, it is possible to apply BIM in dam projects in Indonesia starting from the planning stage, bidding process, construction phase up to the operations and maintenance activities of the dam. It also has the ability to build good coordination among planners, executors/contractors, and consultants to the government/owner as well as in integrating the fields of Architecture, Structure, and Construction (AEC).
Considering the urgency in the application of BIM in future dam projects, planners, contractors, consultants, and government are expected to prepare by ensuring there is: 1. Regulations on the use of BIM in all dam construction projects starting from the planning to construction stage. 2. Initial investment in providing software to integrate and visualize dam construction projects. 3. Training of human resources to use the technological innovation.

DISCLAIMER
The authors declare no conflict of interest.