HOW RISK ATTITUDES AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES IN SUGARCANE FARMING

Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture issued Minister of Agriculture Regulations Number 53 in 2015 about Good Agricultural Practices for Sugarcane as an effort to increase the production and productivity of sugarcane. The implementation of GAP on various commodities differs since risk across commodities and risk attitude among farmers are varying. Hence, this study aims to analyze (1) the implementation level of Sugarcane GAP among farmers of the Wonolangan Sugar factory and (2) the influence of risk attitudes toward GAP implementation. The study was conducted on 102 randomly-selected farmers in Lumajang and Probolinggo Regency. The level of GAP implementation was measured by Likert scale with nine indicators of Sugarcane GAP. The level of GAP implementation was categorized into low, medium, and high based on the total score of GAP implementation obtained from each farmer. One-sample t-test was used to test the implementation level of GAP. Risk attitudes were measured with a Likert scale, refering to Pennings and Garcia method. The influence of risk attitudes towards GAP implementation was analyzed using OLS regression. The result of t-test shows that the level of GAP implementation among sugarcane farmers was medium and high, and most farmers were risk-averse. Of the nine components used as indicators, seed preparation and labor welfare were in the medium category. Based on the OLS regression, risk-taker farmers had a lower GAP implementation than that of risk-averse farmers. Farmers' lack of knowledge about GAP guidelines, can be supported by the presence of socialization activities by sugar factories, extension workers, and related institutions.

. Since the sugarcane GAP guideline was issued in 2015, re s e a rc h a b o u t s u g a rc a n e G A P implementation has yet to be done.
However, research about level of GAP implementation has been carried out on several commodities and it is known that the level of implementation of GAP in organic rice farming in Bantul Regency can be categorized high (Sriyadi et al., 2017)but also providing security for producers and consumers and ensuring environmental sustainability for sustainable production. Organic farming systems are expected to solve the problem for realizing food security and enhancement of people's welfare.
The results of research indicated that, (1, the onion farming in Bantul Regency is categorized as low (Suharni et al., 2017)but its productivity is low. In 2015, the productivity of shallots in Bantul Regency was 7.66 tons/ha. The application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP, in garlic farming in Temanggung Regency is categorized as low (Wardani & Darwanto, 2019), and in pepper farming is categorized as good (Setiawan et al., 2015).
From those studies, it can be concluded that the level of farmers' GAP implementation in each commodity is different. This depends on farmers' perceptions and assessments of the positive or negative benefits that are expected to be obtained by farmers for their farming (Sari et al., 2016) (Bishu et al., 2018). Thus, risk attitudes can be categorized into risktakers, risk-neutral, and risk-averse.
In general, the most important sources of risk are price, production, and financial (Kisaka-Lwayo & Obi, 2012). Sources of risk in agriculture a re a l s o d e r ive d f ro m m a rke t s , business, technology, loss, social and legislation, and human factor (Asnah et al., 2015). The Good Agricultural Practices Guidelines for Sugarcane is an agricultural policy issued by the government, so it is a source of risk for farmers. A risk-taker individual is usually more innovative since, in the early stages of innovation implementation, it is not always followed by success (Hanafie, 2010). Understanding farmers' risk attitudes can steer the policy in the right direction so that the objectives of the policy can be realized (Wauters et al., 2014).
Most decision-makers are riskaverse in various sources of farming risk (Iqbal et al., 2016). For example, research in Enrekang and Northwest Mexico shows that most farmers have a risk-averse attitude (Nurhapsa et al., 2018;Torres et al., 2019) (Greiner et al., 2009)in general terms and in response to regional challenges.
One tool for achieving environmental improvements in agriculture is the design and promotion of region-specific 'best management practices' (BMPs. It is also consistent with studies on French beans farmers in Kenya that farmers who are risk-taker tend to comply with global-GAP standards than risk-averse farmers (Kibet et al., 2018)

Measuring Risk Attitude
Fa r m e r ' s r i s k a t t i t u d e wa s measured by a Likert scale of -4 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree), as referred to the Pennings & Garcia's method that is also used by Domingo et al. (2015).
Farmers were asked questions that describe their preferences or attitudes related to the risk. The questions include: (1) When cultivating sugarcane, I prefer to know with certainty the financial returns; (2) In sugarcane production, I am willing to take higher financial risks in order to realize higher average

Data Analysis
One-sample t-test was used to test whether the level of GAP implementation is low (GAP score < 140). The t statistic was computed with the following formula: Where, x is mean of the data, µ is the tested value, s is standard deviation, and As to assess the effect of farmer's risk attitudes on GAP implementation, OLS regression was used. The model is as follows:   That is because the land used by farmers

R i s k A t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s G A P Implementation
Sugarcane farmers who became the respondents were aware that agricultural activities are full of risks.
However, it did not necessarily make farmers have a risk-taker attitude, although farmers would still face the risks from agricultural activities, which will be carried out by minimizing the risk of exposure being faced. The willingness of farmers to face this risk was because farmers realized that sugarcane farming would provide benefits in the long run, even though in certain years it will cause losses. In addition, farmers also argued that their land is more profitable for sugarcane farming than other farming.
The results of this study that 77.5% of farmers were risk-averse and 22.3% of farmers are risk-takers (table 1) The results of risk attitudes measurement in this study are also in accordance with the previous study, that most decisionmakers are risk-averse and will avoid a risky situation even if the returns are higher (Ullah et al., 2015). In this case, a farmer is a decision-maker in their farming activities.
The results of OLS analysis (Table   3)

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
The level of sugarcane GAP