THE APPLICATION OF GOOD AGRICULTURE PRACTICES ( GAP ) OF SHALLOT IN BANTUL REGENCY Aplikasi

Bantul Regency is one of the center of shallots in Indonesia, but its productivity is low. In 2015, the productivity of shallots in Bantul Regency was 7.66 tons/ha. The application of Good Agriculture Practices (GAP) is a form of technology adoption aiming to improve the shallot productivity.The purposes of this study are to determine the level of application of shallots GAP in Bantul Regency and to find out the factors influencing the application such as land area, farmers’ age, farmers’ education, farming experience, availability of farm inputs, and extension service frequency. Purposive technique was used to determine the research location. Sanden and Kretek districts were discovered since these areas are the production centers of shallots in Bantul Regency. The study involved the respondents consisting of sixty shallot farmers, thirty people from Kretek District and the other thirty people from Sanden District who were determined by simple random sampling. This research used scoring technique with Likert scale to measure the application level of GAP. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to understand the factors affecting the application of GAP of shallots. Result showed that the application of GAP of shallots in Bantul Regency is low. The factors of land area, farmers’ education, farming experience, and availability of farm inputs means influence the application level of GAP of shallots significantly.


INTRODUCTION
Horticulture subsector has a strategic and important position in the agricultural sector because it has a high market potential.
One of the horticultural commodities that have high economic value is shallot (Wiguna et al., 2013;Theresia et al., 2016).
Shallot is a spice vegetable that has high selling value and developed intensively.
In economic terms, shallot business is quite profitable and has a wide market.

Shallot is needed as a spice in almost all
Indonesian dishes everyday.Shallot is also used in the food industry as a seasoning flavor.The consumption and demand of shallots will continue to increase in line with the increasing needs of the population due to the growing number of people, the development of the food industry and market development.
One of the central area of shallot production in Indonesia is Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta.The area of shallot harvest in Bantul Regency in 2015 reached 585 hectares with production of 4,478.9tons and productivity of 7.66 tons/ha.This productivity decreased in the previous year which reached 10.07 tons/ha (Ministry of Agriculture, 2017).It was suppossed to obtain yields of 15-20 tons/ha with the use of good quality shallot seeds (Thamrin et al., 2003;Winarto et al., 2009;Asaad & Warda, 2010;Azmi et al., 2011).
Several issues that resulted in low productivity of shallot in Indonesia were: (a) availability of quality seeds, (b) limited farm inputs, ( c) not yet properly implemented location-specific GAP; as a result the cultivation problems were not solved (Paranata et al., 2015).Research on factors influencing the application of GAP has also been done by Annor (2016).The results showed that the factors that positively affect the farmer's decision to meet GLOBAL GAP standard were land area, access of off-farm income, access to market information, and extension role, while the negative factor was age of farmer.
According to Lionberger (1968), several factors that affect a person's speed to adopt innovation are: 1. Land area, the wider land area usually the faster adopt the innovation because it has better economic capability.
2. Income level, the higher the income level usually the faster adopt the innovation.

Courage to take risks, individuals
who have the courage to face risks are usually innovative.
4. Age, getting older (above 50 years), usually getting slower to adopt innovation.

Level of participation in groups or
organizations outside the environment.
Someone who likes to join people outside of his social system is generally more innovative.
The type of data used was primary data and secondary data.Primary data were obtained from interviews and observations, while secondary data were obtained from the literature or references.

Analysis of Shallot GAP Application
The application of GAP of shallotswas divided into three subsystems, namely the provision of input, cultivation, and postharvest.The application of GAPshallot was measured by scoring technique using Likert scale.With Likert scale, the variables used were described as statements which were the indicators in measurement of the application of GAP.
The answers to the questions given in this study were given scores that are: 1 for answers of never, 2 for answers of sometimes, and 3 for answers of always.

Validity and Reliability Test
The way used to determine the validity of a measuring tool is by correlating  The classification of GAP application level is classified based on the following scores: 1. Low application level if score 1 -2.  it is physically still good, has high spirits and an obligation to support the family (Aldila et al., 2015).

Shallot farmer respondents in Bantul
Regency mostly had elementary education that was equal to 38.33%, while those with SMA education as much as 35.00%.The level of education will affect a farmer's way of thinking and the level of technology and science absorption (Aldila et al., 2015).The l eve l of shal l o t f ar mi n g experience was mostly between 15-21 years (25.00%).Level of education and farming experience will affect the way of thinking, the higher the level of education, the more responsive to new things.

Validity Test
Calculation of validity test with product moment correlation coefficient alpha in this study used a value of 0.6 assuming the list of questions tested would be reliable if the value of cronbach's alpha ≥ 0.6.Reliability test results can be seen in Table 3.

Hypothesis Test
The average score of GAP application on the subsystem of input supply was 2.17 significance level,it resulted in r table (72.18%), on the subsystem of cultivation 0.254.The result of validity test of GAP of shallots can be seen in Table 2. Source: Analysis of primary data (2017)

Reliability Test
To see the reliability value,we used cronbach's alpha value that estimated using

SPSS program. The value of cronbach's
From Table 4 it can be seen that the low level of GAP application on the input subsystem was the seed component, the low level of application of GAP in the cultivation subsystem was on the fertilization component, while the low level of application of GAP in the post-harvest subsystem were on sorting and grading, packaging, and storage.2) The level of application of GAP of shallots on the subsystem of cultivation was lowbecause the application of GAP on fertilization is still low.
Respondent farmers who used organic fertilizer before planting or at the time of processing new land reached 54%.
There are still the majority of farmers 3) The level of application of shallot GAP in postharvest subsystem was low.
This shows that most farmers did not do postharvest activities of shallots.

Normality Test
Normality test results using the EViews program in this study showed that residual values in this study were normally distributed or met the requirements of normality.This was indicated by the JB probability value greater than the alpha of 5% (0.05) was 0.867.The result of normality test can be seen in Figure 1.

Multicolinearity Test
The result of multicolinearity test in this research showed that the data was free from multicollinearity, indicated by the coefficient value between variables smaller than 0.8.The results of multicolinearity testing can be seen in Table 7.  Source: Analysis of primary data (2017)

Heteroscedasticity Test
The results of heteroscedasticity testing in this study showed that research data was free from heteroscedasticity, indicated by the value of Obs*R-squared 0.305 which was significant or greater than the alpha of 1% as shown in Table 8.

Hypothesis Test
Determination Test (Adjusted R 2 ) The results of data processing factors influencing the application of GAP of to explain the application level of GAP of shallots in Bantul Regency (55.3%), while the rest (44.7%) was caused by variable outside model.The results of adjusted R 2 test can be seen in Table 9.
Based on the output of regression analysis in  Rukka et al. (2006) states that the experience of farmers in farming has an effect on how to respond to an innovation.
The longer the experience of farming, the level of response to a technology will be higher.

The availability of farm inputs
The availability of farm inputs had

The frequency of extension service
The frequency of extension service had no significant effect on GAPapplication level.This indicated that extension service by extension officer was not optimal due to several things such as the extension service methods that had not been well targeted, unaprroppiate approaches to farmers, and the extension service materials that were less appropriate to the needs of farmers.
The results of this study were in The cultivation of shallots by farmers in Indonesia generally has not fully applied the correct cultivation rules, yet in the current era of global trade, shallot farmers are required to improve the competitiveness of products to produce agricultural products that are safe to consume, good quality, and produced in an environmentally friendly manner.Today people are becoming aware that the excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides used by farmers are not good for health.To improve the production, quality and competitiveness of shallot in meeting the needs of the domestic market and for export, the production process needs to be done well by applying Good Agriculture Practices (GAP).
GAP application is classified Ho is accepted when Z table and Ho into 2 categories of classes, namely low application level and high application is refused when Z table.
level based on the scores obtained by respondents used intervals of the formula as number of used class(that was 2).
Hypothesis test was done by testing the parameter of proportion.Test steps were determine the hypothesis Ho and Ha then calculate z arithmetic.The value of z arithmetic was obtained by the formula: Analysis of Factors Affecting the Level of Apllication of GAP To determine the factors that influence the level of application of GAP of shallot in Bantul Regency, multiple linear regression analysis was used.Application of GAP of shallot was dependent variable (Y) which was suspected to be influenced by independent variables that were land area (X1), farmers' age (X2), farmers' education level (X3), farming experience (X4), availability of farm inputs (X5), and extension service frequency (X6) which can be expressed by multiple linear regression model as follows: , b3, b4, b5, b6 = regression coefficient X1 = land area (hectare) X2 = farmers age (year) X3 = farmers' education level (year) X4 = shallot farming experience(year) X5 = availability of farm inputs (score) X6 = extension servicefrequency (times)

(
83.83%) did not use NPK fertilizer in recommended dose.63.33% of farmers used NPK fertilizer under recommended dose, while 25% farmers used NPK fertilizer above recommended dose.The average use of NPK fertilizer 500.78kg/ha, while the recommended dose was 650 kg/ha.Utilization of fertilizers that exceed the dose was the habit of the farmers in general, the reason to the use of fertilizer more would be better results obtained.On the contrary, the reason farmers reduce doses aimed at reducing production costs.
Postharvest activities carried out by farmers were only in the stages of withering and cleaning.The farmers did not sort and grading the shallots, while the shallot packaging and storage activities were done at the merchant level.The intensity of postharvest handling of shallot in Bantul Regency was included in the low category because farmers sold shallot directly.Farmers immediately wanted to get money quickly used for household purposes and next farming costs.4) The overall of GAP shallot application was low.The application of the shallot GAP was still low on the seeds, fertilization, sorting and grading, packaging, and storage component.The results of the analysis of the application of shallot GAP in Bantul Regency was in accordance with the results of research Witjaksono et al. (2012) indicating that the highest adoption rate was found in input selection innovation.The availability of production input has a significant effect on the adoption rate of technological innovation.The increasing availability of production input such as the provision of farmland, availability of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and plant diseases, labor, the existence of financial institutions and assistance from the government will increase the adoption of technological innovation.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Normality Test ResultSource: Analysis of primary data(2017) significant influence at a significant level of 1% on the level of application of shallotGAP in Bantul Regency.This can be seen in Table9 where p-value <α = 1% (0.00 <0.01) with regression coefficient of 0.944.Assuming other variables of ceteris paribus, the increase of farm inputs availability by 1 unit would increase the application of GAP of 0.944.The availability of farm inputs significantly influenced the adoption rate of technological innovation.The higher the availability of farm inputs such as the provision of farmland, the availability of seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and plant diseases, labor, the existence of financial institutions and assistance from the government, the higher the adoption of technological innovation.It was in line with Basuki's opinion (2014) that input issues (land, quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and labor) affected farmers' ability to produce shallots optimally.
accordance with research conducted byNurkholipah et al (2015) stating that the role of extension officer did not affect the level of adoption of sorghum technology.Most of the farmers (56.67%) rated that extension officer had a poor role to the innovation of sorghum cultivation, although counselors rarely provided technical information about sorghum cultivation, but the farmers continued to cultivate sorghum as recommended.application level of GAP of shallots in Bantul Regency was low.b.Land area, farmers' education, farming experience, and availability of farm inputs affected on the application of GAP of shallots in Bantul Regency.Suggestion a.It is necessary to improve the application of GAP of shallots in Bantul Regency, especially in the cultivation subsystem that is by doing fertilization according to recommended doses and in the postharvest subsystem, by sorting, grading, packing and storage of shallot well.b.Improving the quality of agricultural extension officer to be more competent in providing counseling to farmers.

Table 1 .
Characteristics of Respondents Source: Analysis of Primary Data (2017) of

Table 3
used SPSS program aid.r arithmetic of each item was compared with value in r Table of product moment.In this study with the respondent number of 60 and 5%

Table 2 .
Validity Test Result

Table 3 .
Reliability Test Result Source: Analysis of primary data(2017)

Table 4 .
The Level of Application of Shallot GAP in Bantul Regency

Table 5 .
Distribution of Farmers Based on The Application Level of GAP

Table 6 .
Hypothesis Test Result

Table 7 .
Multicollinearity Test Result

Table 8 .
Heteroscedasticity Test Result

Table 9 .
Regression Analysis Test Result