International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP)
Agriculture is the mainstay of the people of the most tropical countries where billion of people live. Within agriculture, a high priority is placed on livestock rearing by development groups or individuals due to the large role of farm animals play in the economies of the countries. Livestock is an integral part of agriculture system. Many poor rural households raise livestock, which is valued for its contribution to family nutrition and income, as a capital reserve, and for social obligations and prestige. There is very little on-farm and off-farm processing of livestock products; which translates to low income for farmers and little in the way of job creation. The government should therefore as a matter of urgency give industry investors incentives such as tax relief, or subsidized land to invest in agro-processing of livestock. Therefore, government as the facilitator and policy maker has to initiate the collaboration between rural farmers and animal industries. Industry of agro-processing at the farm level improves rural incomes by adding value to products at source thereby saving on transport cost. It delivers high-value/low volume products and creates opportunities for the use of by-products as inputs in other farm operations such as animal feeds, manure, and fuel. The link between government, companies, and community should go together with other institutional frames such as academic institution and non governmental organizations. All of these institutional frameworks recognize the opportunities livestock production and marketing systems offer poor people in terms of increasing food security, providing income opportunities and sustaining farm production. The question is now how do we translate research and development frameworks into practical implementation plans at international level and into useful activities at the local level to enhance the contribution of animal industry and livelihoods of the poor especially in the tropics?
Recent Knowledge on the Use of Feed Enzyme in view of the quality of feed resources
Several issues that would be challenging upon practical use of dietary enzyme were proposed and discussed. Five issues were raised in view of current feed resources and quality. Whether the dietary enzyme supplementation to ruminant animal is worth it was discussed by comparing the type of enzyme on rumen hydrolysis as well as milk production performance. A derivative action following the enzyme specific hydrolysis was discussed when it would be probably occurring in feed having complex substrate. Single or multiple combination enzymes were discussed whether and when each would be worth. Finally, whether the effect of enzyme would be different by either sex or age of animal was also discussed. Key words: Dietary enzyme, Dairy cow, Derivative hydrolysis, Multiple enzymes, Age of poultry
Copyright (c) 2020 International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP)
Biotechnology in Forage Grasses: Tissue Culture, Genetic Transformation, Genome Editing, and Risk Assesment
Forage grasses can be grouped into two large categories; warm- and cool- season grasses. Warm-season grasses produce most of their growth during the warmer periods of the growing season, while the opposite is true for cool-season species. These grasses are utilized in many different agricultural production systems with greatest value as feeds for livestock. They are also useful for preventing soil erosion and maintaining soil fertility. A species may be grown alone, or in mixtures with other grasses or legumes at high or low levels of soil fertility. They may be grazed, or made into hay or silage for conservation. Many important warm-season perennial grasses multiply either by vegetative propagation, or form their seeds by an asexual mode of reproduction called apomixes. Possibility of improving of these plants by conventional breeding method depends on availability of natural genetic variation and its manipulation through breeding and selection. However, there are naturally not many genetic variations in apomictic grasses to generate new genetic variation.
Copyright (c) 2019 International Seminar on Tropical Animal Production (ISTAP)
The objective of this report is to examine the structure and the development of the Kuwait poultry industry over the past 15 years and explain the increasing consumption of poultry meat. 40.000 tonnes of poultry meat were produced in Kuwait 2016 with a value of $56.1 million, however this represented 30% of the total poultry meat consumption (57.5 kg/person). The Kuwait poultry industry is economically competitive with imported poultry meat, but the expansion is limited because of the availability of suitable land and water resources. The poultry companies therefore, increase revenues by producing a higher proportion of higher value products (fresh and chilled meat, further processed chicken products, and live bird sales). The industry currently gives practically the entirety of its requirements for broiler chicken hatching eggs; however the productivity is decreased in the late summer months when the combinations of high temperatures and high humidity make outrageous climatic conditions. There is a need for research in the future to improve production efficiency and training, and instruction of staff to guarantee a proceeded with expertise base for the industry. Key words: Kuwait, broiler chicken, hatching eggs, temperatures
Livestock Production, Marketing, and Future Prospects in India
Livestock husbandry has always been the backbone of rural economy in India. It provides the income, employment, nutrition and manures for the poor under privileged farming community of rural India. Intensification and scaling up of livestock size is increasing and traditional form of production system with limited capital and labours tends to move up for achieving economic viability or profitability and avoiding land and water stress or crisis generated through extra demand for food crops, fodder and feed crops. The present study tries to analyze the mechanism of livestock production system, marketing structure and future implications of current socio-political decisions in India. The results of the study show that after launching of operation flood program the livestock sector grown at tremendous pace and the country became largest producer of milk and livestock population in the world. Initially cattle population increased but during 1992-2012 it declined from 206 to 109 millions. Buffalo increased 43 million in 1951 to 108 million in 2012. India is the largest producer of milk with a record of 176.30 million tonnes during 2017-18 which grew up from 56.60 million tonnes in1991-92.marketing of livestock ant their products as meat and milk has been still traditional and controlled by unorganised sectors like village traders, itinerant traders, producer sellers and some commission agents. Rural markets and farm gates in villages are mostly transaction place for live animal trades. Meat industries located in peri-urban areas exceptionally follow some organised channels.80 percent milk trade is performed by unorganised network consisting of producer sellers, itinerant village traders and sometimes consumer himself. Cooperative societies and corporate private enterprises undertake about 20 percent dairy trade. Domestic marketing of meat trade is also undertaken by unorganised sectors especially particular a Muslim community. Poultry and mutton trade has exception which is also undertaken by non Muslim in urban areas. Meat export chiefly buffalo beef is increasing after globalization of economy and agricultural trade This sector presents huge potentials of growth as the population base of the country is expanding and creating huge demand and employment opportunities but government need to established the proper marketing channels, regulatory bodies and standard pricing system. Keywords: backbone, nutrition, Intensification, demand, expanding.
Recent reproduction status of Pampangan Swamp Buffalo of South Sumatera
The purpose of this study is to learn the reproductive performance of productive of female buffalo in Rambutan Regency, South Sumatera Indonesia, including, length of gestation, birth interval, conception rate (CR) and fertility index. The research method used survey. Primary data was obtained from direct observation on 100 head. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. Primary data was obtained by survey with questionnaire tools. The result showed that the buffalo reproduction performance was still low. Service per conception 1.04 ± 0.4; Anestrus Postpartum 7.46 ± 3.83 months; calving interval distance 17.82 ± 4.86 months; and Conception Rate 48,5% In conclusion, Reproduction performance that Pampangan Buffalo in Rambutan Regency is Normal. To increase buffalo productivity, buffalo breeding program is continuously based on reproduction control.
Reproduction characteristics of Gayo Buffalo in Wih Pesam District of Bener Meriah Regency
Abstract.The purpose of this study was to identify the Gayo buffalo reproductive characteristics in Wih Pesam district of Bener Meriah Regency. This research used survey method in four villages within Wih Pesam district, namely: Blang Paku, Wonosobo, Blang Benara, and Karang Rejo. Fourty respondents of buffalo breeders were selected based on purposive sampling methods, with the minimum requirement of breeder keep two productive buffalos which have been given birth twice and breeder have experience more than one year. Data collection done by interview and discussion techniques. The collected data was analysed descriptively using frequency tables and percentage. Excel sheet is used to process the data. The parameters observed were: (a) the age of Gayo buffalo puberty; (b) the age the first mated of Gayo buffalo; (c) conception period; (d) the age of Gayo buffalo gave birth to the first child; and (e) calving intervals. The results showed that the female buffalo reproductive characteristics in Wih Pesam district of Bener Meriah Regency in Provinve Aceh was good enough. The age of Gayo buffalo puberty was 25.75 months, with the first mated age of 33.0 months. The average age of Gayo buffalo gave birth to the first child was 43.73 months, the conception period was 318.62 days, while the average calving interval was 15.32 months. The sex ratio of male and female buffaloes is 1:6 with the percentage of male 71.35% and female buffalo 11.35%
Breeding value of candidate bulls based on birth weight in Kebumen Ongole Grade Cattle
Birth weight is one of the growth characteristics in cattle which has an economic value and correlated with slaughter weight. The study aimed to estimate breeding value of candidate bulls in Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle based on birth weight. One thousands and five (1005) heads of offsprings generated from 127 sires and 868 dams were used in this study. Heritability was calculated using paternal half sib correlation method. Breeding Value (BV) was calculated based on absolute dan relative value. The results showed that the heritability (h 2 ) of birth weight was in high category (0.76 ± 0.12). Ten candidate bulls with the high breeding values (35.92 – 34.99) were obtained. These results are expected to be an initial recommendation in selecting candidate bulls in Kebumen based on BV. Keywords : Breeding value, Candidate bulls, Birth weight, Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle
Qualitative characteristics of Saburai goats at weaning in Tanggamus District Lampung Province Indonesia
This research aim to know qualitative characteristics of Saburai goats during weaning in Tanggamus Regency. This research was conducted in February--March 2019 at the location of Saburai Goat development in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province. This research used a survey method. Observation of the qualitative characteristics of male and female Saburai goats when weaning 3--4 months old by observing the head color, body color, color of the feet, color of the tail, ear color, shape of the body, shape of the ear, eye shape, face shape, face profile, birth and weaning weights. The saburai goat used was 31 male and 32 female. The results of this study showed that the qualitative characteristics Saburai goats in Gisting Subdistrict and Sumberejo Subdistrict are more closer to the characteristics of Boer goats. The weaning weight of Saburai goats in Gisting subdistrict is higher than Sumberejo subdistrict.
Haematology profile of nematodiasis on Bali cattle in Lombok island West Nusa Tenggara Indonesia
The study was conducted to determine haematology profile of Nematodiasis on Bali cattle in Lombok Island of West Nusa Tenggara province. The cattle manage in traditional system and more likely susceptible to gastrointestinal parasite infection. Nematodes infection can cause health problems and affect production and economic losses. Faecal examination to detect the nematode’s eggs by using Wisconsin technique was carried out to 1000 cattle in 53 subdistricts within 5 districts on the island of Lombok. It found that 49% of the total cattle examined was infected by nematodes. Fifteen nematodes infected cattle were randomly selected to investigate the haematological profile. The study shown that the blood of infected cattle had high percentage of eosinophil and low percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes. This indicates that Bali cattle able to develop mechanism to defend against parasite infection and allergic reaction and mild Nematodes infection has no major impact on production.
Improving Livelihood of Smallholder Farmer Through Cattle Fattening Based on Forage Tree Legume in the Arid Sumbawa
Majority of people in the arid Sumbawa rely on agriculture and mostly practicing integrated farming with maize and cattle being the most common crop and livestock enterprise. While cattle productivity has been low, profit margin from crops is substantial, making large number of people live just on the poverty line. A research for development project promoted the utilization of Leucaena leucocephala, to improve cattle productivity hence farmers’ livelihood through cattle fattening. This paper provides insight that livelihood improvement has been made possible through cattle fattening and how the innovation has been taken in a wide scope. A case study was conducted in Jatisari and Labangka as an existing and new Leucaena feeding practice. The study found that planting and feeding Leucaena, farmers were able to earn profit from fattening about IDR. 500,000/head/month. One household were fattened around 4-6 bull/six months period and potentially earn around IDR. 18 million to 21 million/year compares to crops which was about IDR. 3 to 4 million once a year. It is concluded that cattle fattening based on Leucaena is an option to improve small holder farmers’ livelihood in tropical areas like Sumbawa. Keywords: integrated crop-livestock, small holder, traditional system, livelihood improvement.
Female Bali Cattle performance in field station of Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat (SPR), Sungai Lilin District, Musi Banyuasin Regency
Bali cattle conventionally kept in field station of Sekolah Peternakan Rakyat, IPB University (SL-SPR-IPB) has been consolidated well, although all cattle have not physically not yet been lovated in a communal stall. This study was conducted to design a baseline performance of female Bali cattle as the main component at the cattle breeding production system in the SL-SPR-IPB. Ninety seven female Bali cattle owned by 45 animal farmers from three villages including Cinta Damai, Bukit Jaya, and Berlian Makmur Villages in Sungai Lilin District were measured and recorded based on their production and reproduction perfomances. Survey and observation were done on January, 2019. Data were analyzed using statistical and descriptive methods. The data were obtained from determined parameters including: cattle origin, ownership status, management system, system of matting, age average, calf total average, calf sex ratio, and body condition score (BCS). The results indicated that 55% of female Bali cattle maintained was originated from the outside of SL-SPR, while the others were from the inside; 88% were fully owned, while others were partial ownership; 52% were maintained intensively, while others were extensively or semi-extensive; and 51% mated with artificial insemination, while others were natural fertilization. 23% of female cattle kept by farmers was five years old in age average, with 36% of the female has one calf in average. The calf sex ratio between male and female was 49%:51%. 48% female has BCS of 3 (max scalae of 5). Results obtained were part of a comprehensively ultimate goal to start establishing a collective breeding cattle industry in the village to increase the livestock population and genetic quality.
Management of dairy cattle breeding in the semi-arid region of eastern Algeria
This study was conducted on 119 Holstein and Montbéliarde dairy cows in 4 pilot farms and one private farm in the semi-arid region of Sétif in eastern Algeria. The objective of this study is to analyze the reproduction following criteria: the interval calving-calving (CCI), calving-first insemination interval (CFI1) and the calving-fecundating covering interval (CFCI). The results obtained show that the calving-calving interval is on average 381.23 ± 65.56 days with a CV of 16.36%. On the other hand, the CFCI interval varies between 55.05 ± 39.9 days and 194.61 ± 134.01 days with an average of 105.65 ± 66.65 days and a CV of 62.09%. In addition, the average fertilization time is judged in the accepted standards, it depends on the CFI1 interval (88.08 ± 36.02 days) and on the other hand the number of protrusions per fertilizing projection (1.52 ± 0.78).
Nutrients composition, relative feed value and in vitro digestibility of some tropical legume species in Indonesia
The aim of the current work is to evaluate nutrient profile, relative feed value (RFV) and in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of 5 tropical legume in Indonesia. Daisy II Incubator (Ankom Technology Corp, Fairport, NY) was used for IVTD measurement. Arachis hypogea, Indigofera zollingeriana, Leucaena leucocephala, Gliricidia sepium and Vigna radiata were evaluated in this experiment. Variables measured were nutrient composition, relative feed value and in vitro true digestibility. Experimental design of this study was completely randomized design with six treatments and four replications. The results show that L. leucocephala contains the highest crude protein content (31.36%). The lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were produced by L. leucocephala by 33.16 and 21.43% respectively (P&lt;0.05). L. leucocephala and I. zollingeriana produced the highest RFV and included in “prime” forage quality value. The highest IVTD was produced by I. zollingeriana and L. leucocephala by 74.99 and 73.47%, respectively (P&lt;0.05). Based on fiber profile, RVF and IVTD value, L. leucocephala was the best quality of tropical legume as forage.
Distilled liquid smoke as feed fat protector and it’s effect on fatty acids in rumen fluid
This study aims to determine the effect of dietary fat protection using distillated liquid smoke on rumen fluid fatty acids. Crude palm oil (CPO) as a source of feed fat, mixed with skim milk (1:2), then divided into 3 parts: without protected by distillated liquid smoke (P0) and protected by distillated liquid smoke 2,5% (P1) and 5% (P2). For the in vitro test, rumen fluid was used as a microbial donor with elephant grass and soybean meal (60:40) as substrate. A total of 5% CPO was put in a syringe containing 30 ml of rumen fluid, substrate and buffer, then anaerobically fermented at 39 o C for 48 hours. The parameters observed were rumen fluid fatty acids. This study used a completely randomized design, with 3 treatments (P0, P1, P2) each of 3 replications. The results showed that the source of feed fat protection (CPO) used distilled liquid smoke, increasing (P&lt;0.01) fatty acid composition of rumen fluid fermented. P1 was better at increasing (P&lt;0.01) unsaturated fatty acids in rumen fluids. It can be concluded that liquid smoke can be used as a feed fat protector, because it can reduce hydrogenation and increase unsaturated fatty acids in rumen fluids in vitro fermented.
Performance of Ongole Crossbred Beef Cattle With Application of Fermented Total Mixed Ratio (TMR) Derived From Soybean Waste
The objective of study was to identify performances of the “Ongole” Crossbred pregnant cows fed with fermented total mixed ratio (TMR). This study was conducted at colony cages in Boloh Village, Toroh sub-districts, Grobogan district, Central Java. It was conducted for 7 months starting from 1st March to 30th September 2018. In this experiment, there are 12 pregnant cows with initial body weight of 308,71±47 kg with the age of 3-4 years. The TMR with soybean forages and concentrate is fed as much as 2.5% of body weight to six pregnancy cow and the others were used as control with non-fermented TMR. Data observed include gas production, pH and feed in vitro digestibilities. Several parameters that were collected consist of body condition score (BCS), mating interval and S/C. The data were analyzed using independent of t-test statistics. The results showed that based on the feed digestibility, fermented TMR have good digestibility and less gas production which is expressed by 48 hours incubation in-vitro trial. Key words: Performance, Pregnant cow, Ongole Crossbred, Total mixed ration (TMR)
Effect of urea-cassava waste and protected soybean meal supplementation on dry matter, crude fiber, and crude protein intake of ram
The purpose of this research is to measure the effect of urea-cassava waste and Leucaena leucocephala tannin extract protected soybean meal supplementation in ration on dry matter (DM), crude fiber (CF), and crude protein (CP) intake of ram and to determine the best supplementation level based on these three variables. This research was held from October 18 th , 2017 until January 10 th , 2018 at Experimental Farm and Animal Feed and Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto. The material used in this research were ± 12 months old ram (initial weight 23-25 kg) as many as 15 heads, control ration (rice straw: concentrate = 30:70), supplement (urea-cassava waste:protected soybean meal = 54 : 46%), and experimental cage. The method of this research was in vivo experiment with completely randomized design followed by orthogonal polynomial if the treatment had significant effect. Treatments tested in this research was the percentage of supplementation that consist of R 0 (control), 1 (R 0 + 5% DM supplement), R 2 (R 0 +10% DM supplement), R 3 (R 0 +15% DM supplement), and R 4 (R 0 +20% DM supplement) with three replications. The result of ANOVA showed that supplementation of urea cassava waste and protected soybean meal in male sheep ration had no significant effect (P&gt;0,05) on male sheep DM and CF intake but had very significant effect (P&lt;0,01) on CP intake with linear shaped curve (Y=113,005 + 1,86X). The conclusion of this research is supplementation of urea-cassava waste and protected soybean meal as much as 20% DM in ration did not affect DM and CF intake and could optimize CP intake of ram.
In vitro digestibility of low-quality rice bran by the addition of Natuzyme®
Rice bran quality is subjected to instability due to season, processes and counterfeiting. The aim of this determine was to study the effect of Natuzyme® addition on low-quality rice bran on the concentration of methane gas, pH value and dry matter digestibility by in vitro technique. Two series of the experimental design with 4 treatments; P0 (Rice Bran), P1 (Rice Bran + Natuzyme® 0.02%), P2 (Rice Bran + Natuzyme® 0.04%), P3 (Rice Bran + Natuzyme® 0.06%) and 5 replications were applied on completely randomized design to determine the hypothesis. The observed parameters were the concentration of methane gas, pH value and dry matter digestibility in vitro. The results showed that the addition of different Natuzyme® on low-quality rice bran showed no significant difference (P&gt; 0.05) on dry matter digestibility and pH value but had significant difference (P &lt;0.05) on the concentration of methane gas. The addition of Natuzyme® on low-quality rice bran has not been able to increase dry matter digestibility and pH value but decreasing the concentration of methane gas.
Growth performance of male fattening Bali cattle farmers pattern through complete feed supplement containing silage of banana stems with different level
This study aims to determine the effect of providing complete feed containing silage of banana stems with different levels of daily weight gain, chest circumference, shoulder height and length of fattening Bali cattle farmers pattern. In this study 12 male Bali cattle belongs to farmers were used in the age range of 1 - 1.5 years with a body weight of 111-136 kg, an average of 120.79 kg and coefficient variation of 10.72%. The research method used was the experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 3 treatments and 4 replications. The treatment in this study is: T0; local feed by farmers in timores + 1 kg complete feed without banana stem silage, T1; local feed by farmers in timores + 1 kg complete feed containing 10% silage of banana stems, T2; local feed by farmers in timores + 1 kg complete feed contains 20% silage of banana stems. Data obtained were analyzed using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results of the study show that the weight gain (kg / head/day) T0; 0.40 ± 0.10, T1; 0.58 ± 0.04, T2; 0.46 ± 0.09, Increase in Chest Circumference (cm/head/day) T0; 0.11 ± 0.01, T1; 0.14 ± 0.04, T2; 0.12 ± 0.02, Shoulder Height Increase (cm/head/day) T0; 0.09 ± 0.01, T1; 0.12 ± 0.01, T2; 0.11 ± 0.02, Increase in Body Length (cm/head/day) T0; 0.10 ± 0.01, T1; 0.13 ± 0.02, T2; 0.11 ± 0.05. The results of statistical analysis showed that the treatment had no significant effect of P&gt; 0.05 on daily weight gain, chest level, body length and height of fattening male Bali cattle farmers pattern. The conclusion of this study is the provision of complete feed containing silage of banana stems with different levels giving the same effect between treatments on daily weight gain and linear size of fattening male Bali cattle farmers pattern.
In vitro study: optimization of antimicrobial activity of the kapok leaves extract (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.) using nanoencapsulation technology
This research aims to identify the antimicrobial activity of the kapok leaves extract (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn) that were used as a feed additive for broiler chicken ration. The research was conducted with a directional pattern completely randomized design. The method applied was agar well diffusion method. The treatment was divided into positive control/ tetracycline 100 mg/L antibiotic (P1); negative control/aquadest (P2); kitosan 2,5 mg/ml (P3); Sodium tripolyphospate/STPP 7,5 mg/ml (P4); kapok leaves extract (KLE) 20 mg/ml (P5); and kapok leaves nanoencapsulation extract (KLNE) 20 mg/ml (P6). Each treatment was divided into three replications. The inhibition test was conducted to Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria. The research result showed that the KLNE application improved the antimicrobial activity (P&lt;0.05) better than that of KLE and negative control. However, it was still lower (P&lt;0,05) than the positive control, except Escherichia coli that has higher antimicrobial activity (P&lt;0.05) than the positive control. Based on the result, it was identified that the nanoencapsulation technology can optimize the antimicrobial activity of kapok leaves extract.
Chemical composition of seaweed (Sargassum sp.) based on the different drying methods
Seaweed Sargassum sp. which is not used for food or (for sale) is usually waste and it has the potential as animal feed stuff especially as mineral source. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of seaweed (Sargassum sp.) based on different drying methods. Seaweed Sargassum sp. was obtained from Sepanjang Beach in Gunungkidul District, Yogyakarta. The seaweed was cleaned from dirt and other materials before drying process. The drying process for seaweed was divided into two methods. The first method was sun-dried base for three days started from 07:00 Am to 14:00 PM, the second method was oven-dried base at temperature of 55 o C for four days. All of the seaweed were grinded, then analysed using proximate analysis. Data obtained were examined by t-test. The results indicated that different drying process (sun-dried and oven-dried) did not have significant effect on the dry matter (90.07+3.73% vs. 89.72±0.54%), ash (41.77+7.30% vs. 46.56+2.01%), organic matter (58.23+7.30% vs. 53.44+2.01%), crude protein (7.56+1.32% vs. 8.77+0.61%), and crude fat (0.78+0.25% vs. 0.62+0.24%) content.. Thus, the sun-dried method can be used optimally to preserve seaweed Sargassum sp. without affect the chemical composition.
A field investigation of forage composition, distribution and supply pattern in cattle farm of East Java and West Java
Forage plays an important role to the development of ruminant farming as it sources of main feed. This research survey was conducted to investigate the current agricultural practice of feed production system in small, medium and big scale of farmers’ community or enterprise and forage value chain. This research survey was carried out in 3 months from August – October 2018. Survey location were conducted in two provinces. The location was carried out in West Java and East Java as following: 1) West Java Province: Dairy farm in Pangalengan, Lembang – Bandung Regency and Cibungbulang-Bogor Regency; Cattle in Jonggol - Bogor Regency; 2) East Java Province: Dairy farm in Malang Regency; Cattle in Tuban Regency. The selected locations for the survey are based on the high density of population of dairy and beef cattle. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the basic features of the data in this study. Farmers generally provide sufficient quantities of feed for ruminants in accordance with the needs of the livestock. The type of forage depends on the type of livestock and the availability of forage around the farm location. In large scale farms, farmers will buy forage during a large number of planting seasons and then processed and stored it in the form of silage. While for small scale farmers, forage purchases are made based on daily needs. These research concluded that forage type and distribution depend on forage availability on farm and supplier level.
Production of starter culture to produce biomass of probiotic indigenous lactic acid bacteria
The purpose of this study was to compare the mixture of three strains probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that would be produced into strarter cultures. The bacteria consisted of: Lactobacillus murinus Ar-3, Streptococcus thermophilus Kp-2, and Pediococcus acidilactici Kd-6. The study was conducted by observing the growth of LAB in the glucose yeast peptone medium for 24 hours. The variables observed were the generation time of three strains of LAB. Data from the research result analyzed using regression test to see the relationship between incubation time and optical density value of each bacterium. The result showed that the generation time of each strain was Lactobacillus. murinus Ar-3 was 3.25 ± 0.006 hours, Streptococcus thermophilus Kp-2 3.68 ± 0.1 hours, and Pediococcus. acidilactici Kd6 3.74 ± 0.04 hours. The results of the regression analysis showed that the comparison of L. murinus Ar- 3, S. thermophilus Kp-2, P. acidilactici Kd6 in starter culture production was found to be 1,00: 1,18: 1,16 v / v of each strain probiotics. It could be concluded that the generation time of three strains of probiotic bacteria is different.
The effect of carbohydrate and protein protection in additional feed on carcass, non carcass and physical quality on Bligon goat meat
This study aimed to determine the effect of additional food with carbohydrates and protein protection on carcass, non carcass and physical quality of Bligon goat meat. The eight Bligon goats Livestock with an average age of 1.5 years were used and divided into two treatment groups. The first treatment was additional feeding without heating (control feed), the second treatment was additional feeding with heating (additional protection feed). Three of the four goats in each treatment were cut and observed their carcass and non carcass quality. Variables observed in the carcass quality included weight and percentage of carcass, rib eye area, weight and percentage of heart, pelvic or kidney fat. The variables observed in non carcasses were blood, head, feet, skin, heart, lungs, liver, clean digestive tract and spleen. The physical quality of the Bligon goat meat observed included meat color, fat color, marbling score, water binding capacity, pH, cooking decrease,and tenderness. The carcass and non carcass quality data were analyzed using the independent sample T-test, using SPSS 16. The physical quality data obtained from Bligon meat were analyzed using variance analysis with a complete design of 2x2 factorial patterns, if there were significant differences continued by Duncan&#39;s New Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The Additional protection feed did not affect carcass and non carcass quality, but it affected significantly the physical properties of Bligon goat meat such as color, fat color, marbling score, water binding capacity, pH, cooking decrease, and tenderness (P&lt;0.05). The carcass percentage of the control and the feed carcass protection were 34.4±0.60% and 45.57±1.73%. The non-carcass percentage of the control feed were 25.78±0.73% and the non-carcass percentage of additional feed was 28.7% ± 0.36%. Additional protection feed affected the liver percentage (P&lt;0.05). The liver percentage of the additional protection was 2.04 ± 0.14%. The color of meat with feed without heating and heating were 5.27 and 4.94. The color of fat with feed without heating and heating were 4.56 and 3.61. The marbling score with feed without heating and heating were 2.22 and 2.78. The binding capacity of water with feed without heating and heating were 28.01% and 23.17%. pH with feed without heating and heating is 6.56 and 6.36. Cooking loss with feed without heating and heating were 25.84% and 18.09%. Tenderness with feed without heating and heating were 5.42 kg/cm2 and 4.68 kg/cm2. The conclusions of the study were the additional feed protection could improve the physical properties of the Bligon goat meat, but not the carcass and non carcass quality of the Bligon goats.
Free amino acids profile of honey produced by the Indonesian stingless bee: Tetragonula laeviceps
The objective of this study was to determine free amino acids profile of honey produced by the Indonesian stingless bee: Tetragonula laeviceps. Honey was obtained from meliponiculture result in the Ngrandu Katongan Village Nglipar Gunungkidul. The free amino acids was determined by LC-MS/MS method and the data was analyzed by descriptive analysis. The results showed that free amino acids content from honey Tetragonula laeviceps were arginine 591.83, histidine 561.93, lysine 882.03, phenylalanine 232.74, isoleucine 12.34, leucine 73.55, tyrosine 9.24, methionine 0.29, valine 20.39, proline 60.56, glutamic acid 119.82, aspartic acid 77.31, threonine 45.72, serine 168.65, alanine 62.46, and glycine 60.26 mg/kg while cysteine not detected. It can be concluded that the free amino acids content of Tetragonula laeviceps honey has 16 free amino acids with large quantity were lysine, arginine, histidine, phenylalanine, serine and glutamic acid.
Preferences and physical quality of superior local chicken meat from agricultural research and development agency that given herbal medicine and probiotics feeds
This research was conducted to determine the effects of the used of herbs and probiotics added of superior local chicken meat from Agricultural Research and Development Agency. The study was conducted on Sato Nadi group, Jehem Village, Tembuku Subdistrict, Bangli District. This study used a Randomized Block Design Factorial pattern with 2 factors, namely the type of feed factor and type of herbal medicine. Feed type factors differentiated into to 2 levels, namely dry feed and wet feed. The type of herbal factor consists of 4 levels, which are 1) P0 = the farmers way; 2) P1 = P0 + herbs; 3) P2 = P1 + Bio L probiotics 2 ml/l through drinking water; and 4) P3 = P1 + Bio L probiotics 3 ml/l through drinking water. The parameters collected consisted of water content (%), water holding capacity (%), cooking shrinkage (%), texture (kg/cm 2 ), pH, and sensory testing of color, texture, taste, juiciness, tenderness, acceptability and ranking test. Treatment the farmer way with herbal medicine and probiotic Bio L 2 ml/liter of drinking water is the best result to physical quality and sensory analysis. The conclusion the best result was P2 which has moisture content 74.63%, cooking shrinkage 36,17%, and texture value 3,30 kg/cm 2 with the farmer way with treatment herbal medicine and Bio L probiotic 2 ml/liter of drinking water. Preference panelist with score 3,56 (between rather soft to tender) there is number one ranking analysis.
The meat quality comparison of Ongole grade and Kebumen Ongole grade cattle
Meat is a strategic food commodity, one thathave a role in meeting the nutritional needs of the market.The fulfilment of beef demand is done by maintaining local cattle that produce meat. One of them is Ongole Grade and Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle.Ongole Grade and Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle have several differences, including differences in physical characteristics that cause differences in meat quality. Improving meat quality is considered to meet consumer preference trends in choosing meat quality products. The purpose of this study is to compare meat quality in both Ongole Grade and Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle. Thirty meat samples from both cattle were analyzed for meat quality analysis (carcass weight, pH, tenderness, Water Holding Capacity, water, fat, protein, and collagen content). The data obtained were analysed using the Complete Randomized Design with factorial pattern 2x3 for age and breed factor. Carcass weight is affected by both of age and breed factor, and is significantly greater in Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle in age 4-5 years. Ongole Grade cattle has significantly greater carcass weight, water content, and tenderness than Kebumen Ongole Grade cattle. Kebumen Ongole Grade has a significantly greater fat content than Ongole Grade cattle. In conclusion, breed factor and age factor has a significant effect to meat quality and there is no interaction between the two factors in all traits of both cattle.
Demand analysis of beef, poultry, and fish at household in West Sumatera Province (application of Almost Ideal Demand System Model)
This study aims to determine: (1) pattern of consumption of beef, poultry, and fish in households in West Sumatera Province (2) factors that influence the demand for beef, poultry, and fish in households in West Sumatera Province. This study used an econometric approach by building a model of the demand function for beef, poultry and fish commodities using raw data from the Survey Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) for West Sumatera Province in 2018. The total sample was 100 households. Data were analyzed using the Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) analysis method. The consumption pattern of demand for beef, poultry meat and fish are characterized by R2 by 0.8233, meaning that 82.33% in the proportion of expenditure on animal foods can be explained by the variables used in the model. Variables that influence the demand for meat with a level of 95% are the prices of each commodity in the form of beef, poultry and fish, education level of housewives (dummy for higher education and low education) and total household expenditure. Variables that influence the demand for meat with a level of 90% are the number of household members. Variables that influence the demand for meat with a level of 0% are the area of residence of the household (dummy for urban and rural) and the age of the household mother.
The role of a dairy development project in affecting the milk value chain in Merapi through promoting an inclusive business model
A dairy development project funded by private company in collaboration with government, university, NGO, cooperatives, and other stakeholders was carried out to revitalize the dairy sector in Merapi area. The project started in 2012 in order to help dairy farmers who were affected by big eruption of Mount Merapi in 2010. Some challenges occured during the implementation of the project such as the low milk productivity, the low milk price, the animal health (Brucellosis), the low experience in dairy farming activity and the uncertainty of capital endowment (in particular cows) leading to a critical situation. Together with formal and informal farmers’ leaders, the project management then changed the project activities by promoting, implementing and supporting an inclusive business model (in phase 2). The study aimed at understanding the role of the dairy development project phase 2 in 2016 to 2017 in affecting the milk value chain through an inclusive business model. The data were collected from the focus group discussion and the in-depth interview with 35 farmers, project management, NGO, private sector, community leaders, and other stakeholders. Qualitative and descriptive analysis were performed to understand the situation. The result showed that there was a change in milk value chain in the area. Initiated by beneficiary farmers, a new milk cooperative was established with more transparent and professional management. What is attracting farmers in joining this cooperative was the higher and the individual milk price given by this cooperative in order to have more profitability. Led by a vet and experienced farmers, cooperative members believed that this cooperative could bring more happiness not only for farmers but also for the cows. To conclude, the study underlines the importance of project activities in affecting milk value chain through promoting an inclusive business model.
Analysis of availability of ruminant feed in Tuban Regency, East Java
Tuban Regency had a large ruminant population of 336,063 or equivalent to 235,427.2 AU consisting of 334,143 beef cattle, 89 dairy cattle and 1,831 buffaloes (Fisheries and Animal Husbandry Department, Tuban Regency, 2017), but the productivity per individual and the rate of population growth in this region were quite low. The availability of ruminant feed in the Tuban Regency for the development of ruminants was still needed to be evaluated especially if it was associated with its productivity. The research was conducted in 20 sub- districts in Tuban Regency by both survey and secondary data analysis. Data analysis was focusing on ruminant animal’s populations, land usage, food crop production, forage production, topography, and climate. Analysis of potency of ruminant feed consisted of potential feed from agriculture and plantation waste from a particular area such as grasslands, fields, forests, and others. Ruminant animal population conversion was carried out by equalization in animal units (AU), cattle = 0.7 AU; buffalo = 0.8 ST; sheep = 0.07 ST and goats = 0.08 ST. Feed requirements for each AU were 9.1 kg DM/day. The result showed that feed carrying capacity in 7 sub-districts in Tuban Regency has negative values and 13 other sub-districts were positive. The average value of feed capacity in Regency as a whole is - 1236.563, which means that between feed availability and feed requirement was the deficit. It could be concluded that Tuban Regency still cannot develop a population of ruminants. It was recommended to overcome these problems by supplying of forage and agricultural wastes from outside the region around Tuban Regency, such as Bojonegoro, Lamongan, Rembang, and Blora Regency. Other efforts to overcome this problem were increasing of planting forages on marginal lands and applying feed preservation technology livestock.
Economic Analysis Of Superior Native Chicken In Tembuku Bangli
Native Chickens are maintained as part-time businesses to utilize the home page, generally maintained traditionally, as a container for the rest of the kitchen and at any time can be cashed. Traditional maintenance causes low productivity and very high chicken mortality rates. Provision of rations that are in accordance with the nutritional needs of native chicken and with a semi-intensive maintenance system can increase chicken productivity while increasing farmer&#39;s income and profits. In this regard, research has been carried out to analyze the economic agribissnis of superior native chicken (KUB) that have been carried out in Bali. The survey method was carried out in December 2018 - March 2019 in the Sato Nadi native chicken farmer group. The results shown that the average maintenance of superior native chickens was 200, with semi-intensive cages, feed was obtained by buying at the nearest stalls. maintenance of native chickens at the study site mostly for fattening, egg production and production of day of chick (DOC). The purpose of maintenance is to fatten up to the age of 3 months, whereas if kept for brooders until the age of 1.5 years. For purposes of fattening, the costs spent amounted to Rp. 5,085,950, egg production amounting to Rp. 46,660,000 and for breed production of Rp. 70,170,000. From the feasibility analysis each obtained B/C value of 0.41 (for fattening), 0.26 (for egg production purposes) and 0.65 (for DOC production).
Potential of wasted crops and its carrying capacity for improving Bali Cattle Productivity case study in Bali Province
The cattle business obstacle is limited availability of land due to competition from food crops. The farming system is integrated between food crop and livestock, one of the solutions to ensure the availability of feed. To analyze the potential development of Bali Cattle business in the province of Bali the calculation of the increasing capacity of ruminant livestock (KPPTR). This analysis requires data on harvested area and production of food crops such as sweet potatoes, cassava, mung beans, peanuts, soybeans, corn and paddy. The results of KPPTR-SL calculation, all the provinces in Bali have negative KPPTR values with the highest values found in Denpasar city, while the lowest values are found in Karangasem District. The food crop waste produced can be used as a source of forage for the high livestock population in Buleleng and Karangasem, but when viewed from the value of KPPTR-SL Karangasem and Buleleng regencies have overpopulated and low capacity for develop livestock. In terms of TDN and crude protein production from each food crop waste has not been sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of cattle in Buleleng and Karangasem districts. Karangasem and Buleleng as districts with the highest cattle population produce total digestible nutrient (TDN) based on crop waste is 38,633.08 DM/ton and 53,776.22 DM/ton. TDN production from food crop waste is still not sufficient to meet the needs of TDN for cattle weighing 250-350 kg. Karangasem district produces crude protein from agricultural waste of 3,103.37 tons/DM while the need for cattle assuming a weight of 250-350 kg 26.269,02 tons/year/populations. The same thing shown in Buleleng district that producing crude protein from agricultural waste of 3,226.75 tons/DM with needs that must be met for cattle weighing 250-350 kg is 28.718,61 – 33.697,11 tons/year/population. The combination of agricultural waste and legumes can be an effort to increase the crude protein content of feed, in addition to the add with concentrates with local feed ingredients can be use to increase the TDN content of feed.
Analysis development of livestock in Wakatobi District Southeast Sulawesi
The fulfillment of beef demand still depends on imports. Another target of the 2014 PSDS program as the continuity of PSDS was to increase beef cattle population to 14.2 million head in 2014 with an average growth of 12.48% per year. It is necessary to develop the potential of farming optimally in Southeast Sulawesi. The Wakatobi government as one of the districts in Southeast Sulawesi is trying to conduct a study to participate in developing livestock. This research was conducted to examine the potential of land and human resources in and around the development of animal husbandry areas and obtain objective data on supporting resources (physical and biological) in Wakatobi Regency.The analysis used in this study is LQ (Location Quotient) analysis, and SWOT analysis. Literature study were conducted to complete data and information, then analyzed descriptively.There was potential for the development of cattle and goats in this area, because some people develop these types of livestock for various purposes including savings. With intensive maintenance systems, both types of livestock can be developed population and production. Wakatobi Regency chicken production is higher when compared to broiler production, because native chicken is domestic poultry that can be developed in various locations even in a small area.Animal husbandry development in Wakatobi can implement a livestock development strategy through an integrated center area (cluster) which is directed at a specific area or integrated with other commodities and is concentrated in an area.
Sheep farm: an alternative community livelihood in Kampung Laut, Cilacap
It is estimated that from year to year the area of Segara Anakan Lagoon will continue to decline an affect fisheries production. This condition requires the community to look for other activities besides being fishermen, one of which is the development of sheep farming which has been started since 2014 in Kampung Laut. Hence, the research aims to determine the potential of sheep farming as an alternative livelihood for the people of Kampung Laut, using secondary data on brackish water fisheries production and sheep populations in Kampung Laut Subdistrict originating from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Cilacap Regency. The result shows that the average growth of brackish water fisheries production from 2011 to 2016 has decreased by 6.30% while the average growth of the sheep population from 2011 to 2016 has increased by 6.75%. Based on these results, sheep farming has the potential to become an alternative livelihood for the people of Kampung Laut.
Increased of farmer's income through use cassava as main ingredient of beef cattle concentrate feed in Playen Subdistrict, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta
Feeding concentrates to beef cattle is not widely practiced in Indonesia and live weight gain (LWG) and income from sale of cattle can be low. This study analyzed the increase of beef cattle farmer&#39;s income through the use of cassava as a main ingredient of a concentrate feed. Fifty Ongole (PO) bulls, aged 12 -18 months, were used in this study. They were divided randomly into five feed treatments and each treatment consisted of 10 cattle. The control treatment (T0) was the current feeding system by farmers. Treatment one (T1) used concentrate supplementation at 1% of live weight (W)/day with composition 50% cassava, 25% copra meal, 25% palm oil cake and treatment 3 (T3) was the same concentrate fed at 2% W/d. Treatments two (T2) and four (T4) used a concentrate mix of 50% cassava, 25% copra meal, 25% soybean skin fed at 1%W/d (T2) and 2%W/d (T4). Cattle were fed for 12 weeks (April to July 2018) in Banaran Village and Bleberan Village in Playen Subdistrict, Gunungkidul Regency, Yogyakarta. The increase in income from the use of cassava-based concentrates was analyzed using the Partial Budget, based on feed costs and LWG of the cattle. The increase of farmer&#39;s income per animal over the control was Rp. 751,500.00, Rp. 1,323,000.00, Rp. 810,000.00 and Rp. 1,017,000.00 for T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. It was concluded that concentrate supplementation at 1%W/d with composition 50% cassava, 25% copra meal, 25% soybean skin gave the highest increase in income per head
Customer satisfaction rate of the quality halal certification services in Yogyakarta
One of the efforts in meeting the basic needs and rights of every citizen of goods, services, and administrative services that was provided public services by the state. One of the public services in the field of halal was carried out by the Food, Medicine and Cosmetics Institute of the Indonesian Ulema Council Special Region of Yogyakarta. This institute is an institution formed by Ulema Council and was tasked with auditing companies that want Halal certificates from Ulema Council. In this regard, a study of the level of customer satisfaction with the process of issuing halal certificates from this institution of halal certification Yogyakarta Special Region needs to be done. This study aims to determine the level of customer satisfaction with the process of issuing halal certificates. This study used a survey method, while the method of taking respondents by purposive random sampling. Respondents were customers who submitted halal certification in Food, Medicine and Cosmetics Institute of the Indonesian Ulema Council Special Region of Yogyakarta, totaling 272 respondents. Based on the results of the analysis and interpretation of the calculation results of this institution services for Yogyakarta and 2016 and 2017, it could be concluded that the performance of this institution in 2017 is better compared to 2016. It was based on the value of Community Satisfaction Index (CSI) to the service in 2016 it was 77.2 with service quality B and good performance, while in 2017 the value of the CSI services was 96.31 with service quality A and excellent performance. One of the improvements in the quality of services was supported by the existence of halal auditor&#39;s advancing training annually. Evaluation of overall service criteria, the greatest value is in the category of auditor having honest nature, while the smallest value of service criteria was in the category of speed and accuracy of work of Food, Medicine and Cosmetics Institute of Yogyakarta officers.
Performance of the local chickens on traditional management in Manokwari District, West Papua Province
This study aims to determine the performance of local chickens in traditional management in the Manokwari district. Two hundred and forty local chickens were taken by purposive sampling in three sub-districts (Prafi, Masni, and East Manokwari) in Manokwari district. Measurements were made on body weight (BW) and body size, i.e. femur length (FL), tibia length (TL), shank length (SL), shank circumference (SC), chest length (CL), and chest circumference (CC). The results of the descriptive analysis showed that the average BW in males and females was 2368.5 ± 626.3 g and 1876.1 ± 413 g; FL in males and females is 11,892 ± 1,659 cm and 10,450 ± 1,522 cm; TL in males and females is 15,825 ± 1,382 cm and 13,283 ± 1,132 cm; SL in males and females is 9.575 ± 1.418 cm and 7.7750 ± 1.008 cm; SC in males and females is 4.9750 ± 0.739 cm and 4.1417 ± 0.490 cm; CL in males and females at 12,500 ± 1,932 cm and 10,758 ± 1,264 cm; and CC in males and females was 34,350 ± 3,180 cm and 31,842 ± 2,494 cm. Statistically it was known that BW and body size of local chickens in males and females differed significantly (P &lt;0.05). Based on the Pearson correlation analysis showed that BW and body size observed in both males and females correlated significantly (P &lt;0.05). The stepwise regression analysis results found that BW of male local chickens can be estimated through the equation: BW male = – 3400 + 430 SL + 95 TL + 47 CC + 54 CL, with R 2 = 76.94%. While BW of female can be estimated through the equation: BW female = – 2271 + 71 CC + 90 CL + 149 SC + 44 TL, with R 2 = 47.63%. It was concluded that local chickens in traditional management in Manokwari district produced better performance than the same management in other regions, especially in central and western Indonesia. This is because the availability of natural feed is still abundant and inbreeding practices can be avoided.
Growth performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing Amorphophallus companulatus fermented with Bacillus subtilis
This study aims to investigate the effect of the utilization of fermented Amorphophallus campanulatus (FAC) by Bacillus subtilis in ration on growth performance of broiler. One hundred and twelve broilers aged eighth days were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments (four replication with seven birds per replicate pen) and feed containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% FAC. Diets and drinking water were provided ad libitum for 5 weeks. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using one way ANOVA. Duncan&#39;s new multiple range tests were subsequently used to separate data with a significant difference. The result showed utilization FAC until 15% in ration had no effect on feed intake, body weight and feed conversion ratio. These results suggest that fermented Amorphophallus campanulatus (FAC) by Bacillus subtilis can be used until 15% in broiler&#39;s ration.
Effect of garlic powder (Allium sativum) as feed additive on native chicken performances
The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of Garlic Powder as feed additive on native chickens performances. A total number of 300 native chickens were divided into 5 treatments; there were 5 replications in every cage has 12 birds per replications. Native chicken were fed with 5 experimental diets, basal diet and diets with 0.25%, 0.30%, 0.35% and 0.40% of Garlic Powder. The respective native chickens performance were determined every week. Data were collected every week consist of feed consumption, daily body weight, and Feed convertion ratio (FCR). The data was analyzed using GLM in a windows-based software package, SAS version 9.1. The differences were tested by LSM. Significant level used in the group comparisons was set at p&lt;5%. The addition of garlic powder as feed additive has significantly effect (P &lt; 0.05) on average body weight and feed conversion ratio. However, the addition of garlic powder as feed additive did not significantly affect (P &gt; 0.05) on feed consumption. The addition of 0.35% of garlic powder improves performances of native chickens including average body weight and feed conversion ratio.
Productivity diversity of Sensi 1 Agrinak chicken crossed with KUB Chicken
Bali Island has been a tourist destination, always lacking in the supply of native chicken, both chicks and ready to cut. For that, Bali Assesment Institute Of Agriculture Technology (BPTP Bali) took the initiative to develop superior native chicken breeding to overcome the existing gaps. KUB Chicken and Sensi 1 Agrinak are superior chicken produced by Agency Animal Research Ciawi Bogor. KUB chicken, which stands for superior native chicken from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development, is the result of selection of native chickens in Indonesia for female line and Sensi 1 Agrinak, which are 6 generations from male line. Sensi 1 Agrinak (Male line) with KUB (Female line) is then crossed to produce native chicken chicks that have superiority in both egg and meat production. The study was conducted in Jehem Village, Bangli Regency. Using 300 KUB chickens (male line) and 80 tails Sensi 1 Agrinak (female line). Maintenance is carried out in a letter enclosure between males and females mixed to facilitate marriage among them. The feed given is chicken feed which is producing with a composition of 40% corn, 35% bran and 25% concentrate. The results of the study show male weight averages 1,718 grams/head with a range of 1,595 - 1,830 grams/head, while females (KUB) average 1,233 grams/tail with a range of 1,210 - 1,420 grams/head. Daily egg productivity (Henday) reaches 45% with an average egg weight of 44,81 g/grain with a range of 32-50 g/grain. The egg fertility produced reached 83.67% with the number of eggs hatching 71.84% and those that hatched in normal conditions reached 93.89%. Mortality is still high at 17.93%, with an average weight of newly hatched chicks (DOC) of 32.23 g/head.
Effect of litter type on digestive tract and accessory organ in the native chicken
This research was aimed to study the size of digestive tracts and digestive organs, as well as accessory organs in the digestive system of native chickens under different litter materials. One day old Kampung Unggul Balitnak (KUB) chicken as many as 108 unsexed birds were randomly placed into three treatment groups of different litter materials, namely rice hulls, wood shavings, and corn cobs mills. Data collected included the final body weight (g/bird), relative weight (%) and length of the digestive tract (cm), digestive organs, and accessories organ of the digestive system. Relative weight (%) measurements include the digestive tract, esophagus, crop, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, large intestine, and accessory organs. The accessory organ consists of the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. Length measurements include the small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, and large intestine. Furthermore, the relative weight (%) is calculated for each segment of the digestive tract and accessory organs. Data were analyzed using variance analysis, followed by Duncan&#39;s New Multiple Range Test using the SPSS version 16.0 application. The results showed that the different litter material had no effect on the relative weight (%) of the digestive tract, digestive organs, and accessory organs, except the proventriculus and caeca (P &lt;0.05). The litter material has no effect on the entire length of the digestive tract, small intestine, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caeca, and large intestine. The highest relative proventriculus weight is found in chickens given wood shavings litter and the lowest on corn cobs. The highest relative caeca weight is found in chickens given wood shavings litter. There is no difference in the weight of caeca between chickens given rice hulls and corn cobs litter.
The Potential of livestock development in Pandeglang District, Banten Province
Located in sub urban area which is very close to the capital city of Jakarta, Pandeglang Regency has great potential in the development of livestock sector that leads to an independent and reliable economic growth. The aim of this research was to identify and determine the potential region for livestock development in Pandeglang Regency. The study used location quotation (LQ) and added capacity of ruminant population (ACRP) analysis. The result of LQ analysis from 35 districts indicates that each sub-district has a livestock base with a positive LQ value. Data presents an indication of animal activities in some sub-districts based on LQ Values. Maximum potential land resources in Pandeglang Regency is 102 891.22 Animal Unit (AU) and the real population is 75 951.57 AU. So, opportunity for added capacity of ruminant population based on land resources is still available for 26 939.65 AU. The result shows that Cikeusik sub-district has the highest potential to increase the number of livestock population up to 6 900 AU, followed by 4 800 AU for Panimbang sub-district, and Sobang Sub-district is about 3 800 AU. Meanwhile, the potential land resources in Sumur sub-district is not sufficient for the animals due to over capacity of -1 733.46 AU. It can be concluded that the development priorities take precedence in the sub-districts of Cikeusik, Panimbang and Sobang.
The potential of Tribulus terrestris L. as nutraceutical
Tribulus terrestris was a shrub plant that can grow in all types of soil. This plant was popularly used as traditional Chinese medicine, but there were not many reports regarding the use of T. terrestris in animal. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine content of nutrient and secondary metabolites of T. terrestris. Methodology: The whole plants of T. terrestris was collected from Yogyakarta. Nutrient content was analyzed by proximate analysis and content of secondary metabolites used spectrophotometer. Result: T. terrestris contain high fiber (25.78%) and protein that was almost the same as grass (13.03%). The content of each secondary metabolite consisted of alkaloid 311.65 ug/g, phenol 3.90 %w/w, flavonoid 0.78 %w/w, tannin 28.99 %w/w, and essential oil &lt;0.12 %v/w. Conclusion: Based on the content of nutrients and secondary metabolites, T. terrestris can be used as a feed or medicine.
The effect of feed containing fish hydrolysate to the feed quality improvement and the produced egg quality
Addition of 1-2% of fish hydrolysate into the standard feed of laying hens has been reported to reduce total nitrogen content and the total water content in the excreta. The reduction in total nitrogen content in the excreta is one of the simple indications of improved digestion and the better quality of feed given. This paper reports the effect of fish hydrolysate addition to the standard feed at various concentration on improving feed quality and egg quality of laying hens. A population of 114 laying hens of ± 86 weeks old were divided into three treatment groups. Each group consisted of 38 individual hens, and each group performed three replications. The chickens are kept in a battery cage by treating standard feed mixed with fish hydrolysates with varying fish hydrolysate concentrations (0; 1; and 2%). To investigate the effect of fish hydrolysate addition to standard feed on the feed quality, the total weight of the excreta produced by each chicken was measured, and the beta carotene content in the yolk of the egg is determined. The results showed that the total weight of excreta produced was significantly affected (sig &lt;0.05) by the addition of fish hydrolysate to the standard feed. The weight of the excreta gradually decreases from the first day of the feeding treatment until the fifth day, and the weight reduction of the excreta has a similar tendency to the decrease of the total nitrogen in the excreta that has been reported. Therefore, the reduction in weight of the excreta can also be considered as better digestion due to the increased quality of feed given. The increase in feed quality, which results in an improved digestion process, also led to an increase in egg quality characterized by a 250% increase of carotenoids content in egg yolk compared to chicken eggs fed with standard feed. The conclusion is the mixing of 1- 2% fish hydrolysate in standard feed can improve feed quality which is characterized by a decrease in the total weight of excreta and also increase the egg quality characterized by an increase in total carotenoid in the yolk. 1. Introduction Chicken farming is one of the dynamic businesses in Indonesia
Potency of different banana bunches cultivar (Musa sp) as vegetable tanning agents
Leather tanning with natural tannin sources is expected to reduce environmental issues. Banana plants (Musa sp) as one of tropical plants are known to have a high tannin contents. This paper aimed to identify the potency of several banana bunches cultivar as vegetable tanning agents. The study was conducted by analyzing the tannin levels of banana bunches extract from three banana plant cultivars. The banana bunches used were Kepok (Musa parasidiaca L.), Raja (Musa textilia) and Ambon (Musa acuminata Cavendish). Tannin extraction were assessed using shoxhlet extractor with 70% ethanol. Determination of tannin content using 10 grams sample with processing conditions temperature were 70°C and 60 minutes extraction time using spectrophotometer at wavelenght 700 nm. Tannin level data were analyzed by descriptive analysis. Based on the concentration of the standard solution and the absorbance produced, the standard gallic acid curve regression were y = 0.0063x + 0.1082 with R 2 = 0.8543. Results showed that kepok produced highest tannin levels between 0.87% – 2.04%, while Raja between 0.04% – 0.67% and Ambon were between 0.05% – 0.33% at the standard solution concentrations of 20 – 100 ppm. It is concluded that Kepok banana bunches has the best potential as vegetable tanning agent. Further laboratory studies are needed to determine the quality of tanned leather resulting from banana bunches tanning.
Community Perception in Korong Padang Mantuang Nagari Kayutanam on Dairy Cattle Existence
This study aimed to assess the community perception in Korong Padang Mantuang Nagari Kayu Tanam, 2x11 Kayutanam District, Padang Padang Pariaman Region, West Sumatera Indonesia, on dairy cattle existence. Community perception indicated by benefit and negative impact that occur because of dairy cattle existence. It could be used as a reference to developt and to continuity of dairy cattle activities in Korong Padang Mantuang Nagari Kayutanam Kecamatan 2x11Kayutanam. This study was conducted with survey method and determined respondent with purposive sampling which is 160 respondents who live near at dairy cattle. Based on Slovin&#39;s Formula, determined 32 respondents to assess their perceptions about dairy cattle perception and the data that obtain was analyse descriptively. The result showed that community perception of negative impact on dairy cattle existence especially feces of cattle in Korong Padang Mantuang Nagari Kayutanam was in low category (46.35%) or it could be described as the existence of dairy cattle was not disturbing daily life in Korong Padang Mantuang Nagari Kayutanam. In another side, 79.68% community perception on dairy cattle existence was in high category feel the benefit on dairy cattle existence.