Future of Rohingyas: Dignified Return to Myanmar or Restoring Their Rights or Both

https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v4i2.57706

Md. Mahbubur Rahman(1), Haradhan Kumar Mohajan(2*), Tripty Kana Bose(3)

(1) Massey University
(2) Premier University
(3) Bangladesh Betar
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


At present Bangladesh is hosting more than 1.1 millions of Rohingyas who have been migrated from Myanmar and maximum of them are living in 34 makeshift camps of Cox’s Bazar and some thousands start to live at Bhashan Char of Bangladesh. The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) does not recognize Rohingyas as refugees and so they are not entitled to claim even the rights of refugees in Bangladesh. Getting support from the international community, the GoB still tries to repatriate Rohingyas to Myanmar, as the repatriation will relieve the huge burden of Bangladesh. But Rohingyas are not interested to go back to their home country, Myanmar, without establishing their citizenship and some other rights. As a result, till today not a single Rohingya has been repatriated to Myanmar and so at present the future of the Rohingya is in uncertainty. Bangladesh always think the fruitful solution of the Rohingya Crisis lies on their repatriation but more than three years after Rohingyas’ new entry in 2017 no repatriation happens and so the question arises. “What may be the future of Rohingyas?”, “Is the future of Rohingyas rely on their repatriation or staying in Bangladesh for a longer period of time with or without restoring their rights?”, would be tried to discuss in this article. If the Rohingyas will have to stay in Bangladesh for a longer time, then what the GoB should do, will also be discussed in this paper. For this, the field visit and interviews with Rohingya refugees at Rohingya Refugee Camp in 2018 and also in 2020 by the first author, M. M. Rahman, and his more than 3 years working experience on Rohingya crisis at BTV (Bangladesh Television) and the literature reviews by all the authors will be utilized.


Keywords


Rohingya; Citizenship Rights; Dignified Return

Full Text:

PDF


References

Ahmed, K. & Ahmed, R. (2020, December 4). Bangladesh begins moving Rohingya families to remote island. The Guradian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/dec/03/bangladesh-begins-moving-rohingya-families-to-remote-island

Alam, J. (2018). The Rohingya of Myanmar: theoretical significance of the minority status. Asian Ethnicity, 19(2), 180-210. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2017.1407236

Arab News Report. (2019, November 6). UN stalls relocation plan for 100,000 Rohingya. Arab News Report on 6 November 2019. Retrieved from https://www.arabnews.com/node/1579761/world

Archibugi, D. (2019, November 20). Myanmar Faces Three International Courts for Rohingya Genocide –What Good Will They Do? Retrieved from https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/myanmar-faces-three-international-courts-for-rohingya-genocide-what-good-will-they-do/

Azad, A. (2019, September 27). Stalemate leaves Rohingya refugees trapped. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/stalemate-leaves-rohingya-refugees-trapped

Azad, A., & Jasmin, F. (2013, October-December). Durable Solutions to the Protracted Refugee Situation: The Case Of Rohingyas In Bangladesh. Journal of Indian Research , 1(4), 25-35.

Aziz, A (2019, August 18). Rohingya repatriation: Dhaka, Naypyidaw gearing up for second attempt. Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/rohingya-crisis/2019/08/18/rohingya-repatriation-dhaka-naypyidaw-gearing-up-for-second-attempt

Bangladesh Ministry . (2019). Inputs for Media on Diplomatic Briefing by HFM on Rohingya Repatriation State Guest House Padma, 29 August 2019. Bangladesh Ministry of Foreign Affairs Press Release on 29 August 2019.

Bashar, I. (2012). New Challenges for Bangladesh. Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses, 4(11), 10-13. Retrieved February 3, 2021, Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26351100

BBC. (2018, January 8). Bangladesh court upholds Myanmar Rohingya marriage ban. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-42612296

Beaubien, J. (2019, April 5). Rohingya Settle In For The Long Haul, Even As Bangladesh Wants Refugees To Go Home. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/04/05/709894267/rohingya-settle-in-for-the-long-haul-even-as-bangladesh-wants-refugees-to-go-home

Berti, B. (2015, January ). The Syrian Refugee Crisis: Regional and Human Security Implications. Strategic Assessment, 17(4), 41-53.

Bhatia, A., Mahmud, A., Fuller, A., Shin, R., Rahman, A., Shatil, T., Sultana, M., Morshed, K., Leaning, J., & Balsari, S. (2018). The Rohingya in Cox's Bazar: When the Stateless Seek Refuge. Health and human rights, 20(2), 105–122.

Bhattacharyya, R. (2020, December 22). Bhasan Char: A New Home for Rohingya Refugees. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2020/12/bhasan-char-a-new-home-for-rohingya-refugees/

Bremner, L. 2020. “Sedimentary Logics and the Rohingya Refugee Camps in Bangladesh.” Political Geography 77: 102–109. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0962629818302944/pdfft?isDTMRedir=true&download=true

Brewster, D. (2019, May 14). The Rohingyas: the security dimension of a deep humanitarian crisis. Retrieved from https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/rohingyas-security-dimension-deep-humanitarian-crisis

Chan, A. (2005). The Development of a Muslim Enclave in Arakan (Rakhine) State of Burma (Myanmar). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research, 3(2), ISSN 1479- 8484 Retrieved from https://www.soas.ac.uk/sbbr/editions/file64388.pdf

Cookson, F. (2017, October 10). Impact of the Rohingya Crisis on Bangladesh (Part I). Retrieved from http://www.theindependentbd.com/post/117945

Crisis Group Report. (2019a, December 27). A Sustainable Policy for Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/303-sustainable-policy-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh

Crisis Group Report. (2019b, April 25). Building a Better Future for Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-east-asia/myanmar/b155-building-better-future-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh

ECHO. (2018 , August ). European Commission (ECHO) Report on Rohingya Crisis. Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/files/aid/countries/factsheets/rohingya_en.pdf

Forster, R. (2011). Magh marauders, Portuguese pirates, white elephants and Persian poets: Arakan and its Bay-of-Bengal connectivities in the early modern era. EXPLORATIONS-a graduate student Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 11(1), 63-80. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10125/20311

Gaffar, A. (2018). Approaching the Rohingya Crisis: Calling for a security Governance framework. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 22(1), 98-121. https://doi.org/10.2307/48520051

Gibson, T., James, H. & Falvey, L. (2016) Rohingyas: Insecurity and Citizenship in Myanmar, Thaksin University Press, Thailand. Retrieved from http://www.iid.org/uploads/6/2/0/6/6206024/rohingya.pdf

Gorlic, B. (2019, December). Working Paper Series No. 131 — The Rohingya Refugee Crisis: Rethinking Solutions and Accountability. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/wp131-rohingya-refugee-crisis_2019.pdf

Green, P., MacManus, T., & Venning, A. (2018). Genocide Archived, Genocide Continues: Myanmar's Annihilation of the Rohingya. London: International State Crime Initiative. Retrieved from http://statecrime.org/data/2018/04/ISCI-Rohingya-Report-II-PUBLISHED-VERSION-revised-compressed.pdf

Grinnell, R. J. (1993). Social Work Research and Evaluation . Itasca: IL, F.E. Peacock .

Hananto, A. (2018, January 23). The Lost City of Mrauk U, Once As Prosperous as London. Retrieved from https://seasia.co/2018/01/23/the-lost-city-of-mrauk-u-once-as-prosperous-as-london

Head, J. (2019, September 10). Rohingya crisis: Villages destroyed for government facilities. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-49596113

Holmes, O. (2017, November 23). Myanmar signs pact with Bangladesh over Rohingya repatriation. The Guardian. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/23/myanmar-signs-pact-with-bangladesh-over-rohingya-repatriation

Horsey, R. (2017, December 22). Will Rohingya refugees start returning to Myanmar in 2018? Retrieved from https://asia.nikkei.com/Viewpoints/Richard-Horsey/Will-Rohingya-refugees-start-returning-to-Myanmar-in-2018?page=2

House of Commons (2020, May 19). Humanitarian crises monitoring: the Rohingya Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/259-Embargo.pdf

HR Year Book. (2008). Burma: Human Rights Year Book . Retrieved from https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs08/HRDU_YB-2008/pdf/refugees.pdf

HRP . (2018 , February). Humanitarian Response Plan — Rohigya Crisis . Retrieved from https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/documents/files/bangladesh_-_humanitarian_response_plan_-_final_report_may_2018.pdf

HRW - Human Rights Watch. (2018a, November 15). Bangladesh: Halt Rohingya Repatriation Plan. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/11/15/bangladesh-halt-rohingya-repatriation-plan

HRW. (2018b, August). Bangladesh is Not My Country – The Plight of Rohingya Refugees from Myanmar. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/bangladesh0818_web2.pdf

HRW. (2019, August 20 ). Myanmar/Bangladesh: Halt Rohingya Returns. Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/08/20/myanmar/bangladesh-halt-rohingya-returns

Huang, C., & Gough , K. (2019, February). Toward Medium-Term Solutions for Rohingya Refugees and Hosts in Bangladesh: Mapping Potential Responsibility-Sharing Contributions. Retrieved from https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/toward-medium-term-solutions-rohingya-refugees-and-hosts-bangladesh-mapping-potential.pdf

Hudsoon-Rodd, N. (2014, January 15). Rohingya: denied the right to be human. Retrieved from https://www.newmandala.org/rohingya-denied-the-right-to-be-human/

Ibrahim, A. (2018, January 11). Return or Remain? The Uncertain Future of Rohingya Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/australianoutlook/rohingya-2018/

ICC. (2019, November 14). ICC judges authorise opening of an investigation into the situation in Bangladesh/Myanmar. Retrieved from https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=pr1495

ICJ. (2020). ICJ Order on 23 January 2020 . Retrieved from https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/178/178-20200123-ORD-01-00-EN.pdf

IPU & UNHCR. (2017). A guide to international refugee protection and building state asylum systems. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/3d4aba564.pdf

Jacobsen, K. (2001, July). Working Paper No. 45 — The forgotten solution: local integration for refugees in developing countries. Retrieved from UNHCR: https://www.unhcr.org/3b7d24059.pdf

Jastram, K., & Achiron, M. (2001). Refugee Protection: A Guide to International Refugee Law . Retrieved from http://archive.ipu.org/pdf/publications/refugee_en.pdf

JRP. (2019). Joint Response Plan for Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis . Retrieved from https://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/2019%20JRP%20for%20Rohingya%20Humanitarian%20Crisis%20%28February%202019%29.comp_.pdf

Karim, M.A. &, Islam, F. (2018). Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor: Challenges and prospects, The Korean Journal of Defense Analysis, 30, 283-302 Retrieved from http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/4258.pdf

Kamruzzaman, M. (2020, December 08). ANALYSIS - New scopes for Bangladesh to put pressure on Myanmar for Rohingya repatriation. Anadolu Agency. Retrieved from https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/analysis-new-scopes-for-bangladesh-to-put-pressure-on-myanmar-for-rohingya-repatriation/2069691

Kazmi, Z. (2017, September 18). Who are the Rohingya, why are they called ‘security threat' and ‘nowhere people’. Hindustan Times. Retrieved from https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/the-world-s-most-persecuted-community-who-are-the-rohingyas/story-PgNwZ4URpdpMpZXNryw88I.html

Kennedy, D. (1986). International Refugee Protection. Human Right Quarterly. Retrieved from https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/16082842/8HumRtsQ1.pdf?sequence=1

Khan, M., & Dempster, H. (2019). Sharing Responsibility for the Rohingya Crisis What Role Can Labor Mobility Agreements Play? Retrieved from https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/sharing-responsibility-labor-mobility.pdf

Kothari, C. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques (2nd Ed.) . New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.

Kristof, N. (2014, May 28). Myanmar’s Appalling Apartheid. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/29/opinion/kristof-myanmars-appalling-apartheid.html

Kyaw, K. (2019, June 17 ). Include Rohingya in talks on repatriation: rights groups. Retrieved from https://www.nationthailand.com/national/30371264

Leedy, P., & Ormrod, J. (2001). Practical Research: Planning and Design (7th Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Menrill Prentice Hall .

Legesse, B. (2014). Research Methods in Agribusiness and Value Chains. School of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, Haramaya University.

Leider, J. (2014, January 28). Rohingya The name. The movement. The quest for identity. Retrieved from http://www.networkmyanmar.org/ESW/Files/Leider-Rohingya.pdf

Leider, J. (2018). Rohingya – the Name and its Living Archive. Retrieved from https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02325206/document

Lewa, C. (2009). North Arakan: an open prison for the Rohingya in Burma. Retrieved from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/North-Arakan%3A-an-open-prison-for-the-Rohingya-in-Lewa/c19690fac53c3837db4fb27afa6e83dabc04138d?pdf

McKay, M. (2019). The Religious Landscape in Myanmar´s Rakhine State. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace. Peaceworks. Retrieved from https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/20190829-pw_149-pw.pdf

Milton, A. H., Rahman, M., Hussain, S., & Jindal, C. (2017). Trapped in Statelessness: Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), pii: E942.https://doi:10.3390/ijerph14080942.

Mir, M. (2019, April 18 ). What does the future hold for the Rohingya? Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/2019/04/18/what-does-the-future-hold-for-the-rohingya

Mohajan, H. K. (2018). History of Rakhine State and the Origin of the Rohingya Muslims. IKAT: The Indonesian Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 2(1), 19-46.

Mohammad, N. (2012). Refugee Protection Under the Constitution of Bangladesh: A Brief Overview. Retrieved from http://www.mcrg.ac.in/rw%20files/RW39_40/12.pdf

MSR – Myanmar Survey reserach (2019). Rakhine state investment opportunity survey. Retrieved from https://www.dica.gov.mm/sites/dica.gov.mm/files/news-files/report_on_rsios_for_printing_20190215_english.pdf

Nemoto, K. (1991). The Rohingya issue: a thorny obstacle between Burma (Myanmar) and Bangladesh. J Burma Stud. 5:19. Retrieved from https://www.burmalibrary.org/docs14/Kei_Nemoto-Rohingya.pd

Nurain, Z. (2010). Rohingya History: Myth and Reality, Chittagong: Kaladan Press. Retrieved from http://www.rohingya.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Rohingya-History-Myth-and-Reality- by-Zul-Nurain.pdf

OCHA – United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2021). Humanitarian needs overview Myanmar. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/mmr_humanitarian_needs_overview_2021_final.pdf

Opu, M. H. (2020, December 31). Rohingya refugees: From crowded camps to isolated island. AlJazeera. Retrieved from https://www.aljazeera.com/gallery/2020/12/31/in-pictures-rohingya-refugees-sent-to-remote-bangladeshi-island

Post, L., Landry, R., & Huang, C. (2019). Moving Beyond the Emergency: A Whole of Society Approach to the Refugee Response in Bangladesh. Retrieved from Centre for Global Development: https://www.cgdev.org/publication/moving-beyond-emergency-whole-society-approach-refugee-response-bangladesh#ftn55

Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to Social Research: Quantitative and qualitative Approaches. Newbury Park: SAGE Publications.

Purkey, A. L. (2013). Questioning Governance in Protracted Refugee Situations: The Fiduciary Nature of the State-Refugee Relationship. International Journal of Refugee Law, 25(4), 693-716.

Rahman, M. M. (2017). Bangladesh Myanmar MOU on Rohingya repatriation. Retrieved from BTV News Report: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ig0xpVYZljw

Rahman, M. M., & Mohajan, H. K. (2019). Rohingya: The Stateless Community Becoming the Lost Generation. Journal of Economic Development, Environment and People, 8(2), 24-36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/jedep.v8i2.621.

RFA. (2018, November 15). Bangladesh: Rohingya repatriation fails amid protests. Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/5c2cc3ad11.html

Robinson, W. C. (1998). Terms of Refugee: The Indochinese Exodus and the International Response. London: Zed Books, Ltd.

Rosenthal, G. (2019). A brief and independent inquiry into the involvement of the United Nations in Myanmar from 2010-2018. United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/sg/sites/www.un.org.sg/files/atoms/files/Myanmar%20Report%20-%20May%202019.pdf

Solomon, F. (2019, May 23). 'We’re Not Allowed to Dream.' Rohingya Muslims Exiled to Bangladesh Are Stuck in Limbo Without an End In Sight. Retrieved from https://time.com/longform/rohingya-muslims-exile-bangladesh/

Strangio S. (2021, January 22). Indonesia Urges Myanmar to Create Safe Conditions for Rohingya Repatriation. The Diplomat. Retrieved from https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/indonesia-urges-myanmar-to-create-safe-conditions-for-rohingya-repatriation/

Subramanian, N. (2020, December 07). This is where Rohingya are being sent: a newly surfaced island in Bay of Bengal. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/where-rohingya-are-being-sent-a-newly-surfaced-island-in-bay-of-bengal-7094452/

Sun, I. Y., Speakman, J., & Huang, C. (2019, December). How Business Can Invest in the Future of the Rohingya and Host Community in Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/private-investment-bangladesh.pdf

The Daily Star . (2019, November 28). ‘Difficult to say when situation to be conducive for Rohingya repatriation’. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/rohingya-crisis/news/difficult-say-when-situation-be-conducive-rohingya-repatriation-1833046

The Daily Star. (2017, September 11). Biometric registration of Rohingyas begins. Retrieved from https://www.thedailystar.net/country/biometric-registration-rohingyas-begins-1460737

The Dhaka Tribune. (2018, November 13). Bangladesh silent on Canadian offer to take Rohingya refugees. Retrieved from https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/2018/11/13/bangladesh-silent-on-canadian-offer-to-take-rohingya-refugees

Ullah, A. (2016). The Remarks of Mr. Abul Bashor and Mr. Abul Khair on Arakan's Statehood. Retrieved from https://www.thestateless.com/2016/09/the-remarks-of-mr-abul-bashor-and-mr-abul-khair-on-arakans-statehood.html

Ullah, A. (2017). Bangladesh Policy on Rohingya Refugee. Retrieved from https://www.thestateless.com/2017/02/bangladesh-policy-on-rohingya-refugees.html

Ullah, A. (2019). Repatriation Must be Voluntary, Safe and Dignified . Retrieved from https://www.thestateless.com/2019/08/repatriation-must-be-voluntary-safe-and-dignified.html

UN News. (2019, August 9). More than half a million Rohingya in Bangladesh get ID cards for first time: UN refugee agency. Retrieved from https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/08/1044041

UNFPA. (2015). The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census, Rakhine State. Retrieved from https://Rakhine%20State%20Census%20Report%20-%20ENGLISH-3.pdf

UNHCR & WFP . (2012). The Contribution of Food Assistance to Durable Solutions in Protracted Refugee Situations; its impact and role in Bangladesh: A Mixed Method Impact Evaluation. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/510fcefb9_0.pdf

UNHCR. (2001). The Forgotten Solution: Local Integration for Refugee in Developing Countries. Un High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/3b7d24059.pdf

UNHCR. (2002). UNHCR Resettlement Handbook, Division of International Protection, Revised Edition July 2002. Geneva: UNHCR.

UNHCR. (2007a). Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/46fa1af32.pdf

UNHCR. (2007b). Canada is first country to resettle Rohingya refugees from Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2007/4/4628d83d4/canada-first-country-resettle-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh.html

UNHCR. (2011a). States of Denial — A Review of UNHCR's Response to the Protracted Situation of Stateless Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/4ee754c19.pdf

UNHCR. (2011b). Resettlement Handbook, Division of International Protection, Revised edition, July 2011. Geneva: UNHCR.

UNHCR. (2018a). Independent evaluation of UNHCR’s emergency response to the Rohingya refugees influx in Bangladesh August 2017 – September 2018. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5c811b464.pdf

UNHCR. (2018b). The refugee concept under international law – Global compact for safe, orderly and regular migration.Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5aa290937.pdf

UNHCR. (2019a, August 9). More than half a million Rohingya refugees receive identity documents, most for the first time. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2019/8/5d4d24cf4/half-million-rohingya-refugees-receive-identity-documents-first-time.html

UNHCR. (2019b). Global Trends – Forced Displacement in 2018 . Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/5d08d7ee7.pdf

UNRISD. (1994, March). Social Integration: Approaches and Issues. Retrieved from https://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/510920DA18B35A6880256B65004C6A7B/$file/bp1.pdf

VOA. (2019, May 17). Stateless Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh Receive Identity Documents for First Time. Retrieved from https://www.voanews.com/east-asia/stateless-rohingya-refugees-bangladesh-receive-identity-documents-first-time

Wake, C., Barbelet, V., & Skinner, M. (2019). Rohingya refugees’ perspectives on their displacement in Bangladesh — Uncertain futures. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resource-documents/12719.pdf

Waters, T. (2019, November). The Fortunate Failure of 'Voluntary Repatriation' For Rohingya Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/fortunate-failure-voluntary-repatriation-rohingya-refugees.html

Yesmin, S. (2016). Policy towards Rohingya Refugees: A Comparative Analysis of Bangladesh, Malaysia and Thailand. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 61(1), 71-100.

Yhome, K. (2018). Eaxmining India’s stance on the Rohingya crisis. Observer Research Foundation (ORF), Retrived from https://www.orfonline.org/research/examining-indias-stance-on-the-rohingya-cris7is/

Yunus, M. (1994). A History of Arakan, Past and Present — University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh. Retrieved from http://www.rohingya.se/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/A-History-of-Arakan-the-Past-and-the-Present-By-Dr.-Yunous.pdf

Yusuf, A. (2018, August 13). Rohingya crisis: a year since it shocked the world, what’s changed. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/rohingya-crisis-a-year-since-it-shocked-the-world-whats-changed-101209

Zawacki, A. (2009). Retrieved from Tineyin Muslims Sapyusasu Poggu-kyawmya-2 [Indigenous Gazetted Muslims Elite - 2], p. 188 (In Burmese): http://www.muslimpopulation.com/asia/Myanmar/Rohingya%20tangled%20in%20Burma.php

Waas, L. V. & Jaghai, S. (2018). All citizens are created equal, but some are more equal than others. Neth Int Law Rev. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-018-0123-8

Warzone Initiatives (2015). Rohingya Briefing Report, 1–18. All citizens are created equal, but some are more equal than others. Retrieved from https://www.equalrightstrust.org/ertdocumentbank/Rohingya%20Briefing%20Report.pdf

Wekke, I., Hasbi, H., Mawardin, M., Ladiqi, S., & Salleh, M. (2017). Muslim Minority in Myanmar: A Case Study of Myanmar Government and Rohingya Muslims. Walisongo Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 25(2), 303-324. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/ws.25.2.2317

Yegar, M. (1972). The Muslims of Burma: A study of a minority group. Weisbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz. Retrieved from http://www.netipr.org/policy/downloads/19720101-Muslims-Of-Burma-by-Moshe-Yegar.pdf

Zetter, R. & Ruaudel, H. (2016). Refugees’ Right to Work and Access to Labor Markets – An Assessment: Part I. Retrieved from https://www.knomad.org/sites/default/files/2017-03/KNOMAD%20Study%201%20Part%20I-%20Assessing%20Refugees%27%20Rights%20to%20Work_final.pdf



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v4i2.57706

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3974 | views : 2930

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Haradhan Kumar Mohajan

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

View My Stats