_.png){kind=logo}
* Corresponding Author
Commercial Policy under Ulèëbalangs: A Factor Contributing to Cumbôk War
https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v4i1.50773 Syukri Rizki(1*), Ikhwan Rahmatika Latif(2)
(1) Master in Southeast Asian Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main
(2) Master in Government Affairs and Administration, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Adat chiefs in Aceh – locally termed as ulèëbalang – served as one of the three most compelling socio-political forces besides the sultan and ulamas. As regional rulers in the Aceh Kingdom, they were appointed as leaders through the approval of the Sultan of Aceh. The ulèëbalangs would possess leadership with the reinforcement of a Sarakata letter affixed with a “Cap Sikureueng” (Kingdom of Aceh’s Seal). Not only did ulèëbalangs serve as the ruler in terms of Executive administration, but also controlled almost all life sectors of the Acehnese people like trade, court, agriculture and plantation, which the Sultan hardly ever touched. With this legitimate power, the ulèëbalangs were rightful to issue commercial policies in their regional territories. In exercising their power, they often acted recklessly towards their subjects. The objective of this study was to identify whether the commercial policy imposed by the ulèëbalangs was one of the factors contributing to the happening of the Cumbôk war in 1945. This study mainly focused on ulèëbalangs who ruled in the Pidie area by studying secondary data available online and offline. The findings of this study confirmed that it was evident that the ulèëbalangs’ malfeasance in controlling commerce, among other things, did contribute to the tension arising between ulamas and ulèëbalangs, which eventually broke out as the Cumbôk war.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Abott, A. (2008). Library research and its infrastructure in the twentieth century. Windsor Lecture Series 2008.
Agustiningsih, N. (2007). Konflik Ulama-Uleebalang 1903-1946 dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Perubahan Sosial di Aceh. (Undergraduate Thesis). Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia.
Alfian. (1975). The Ulama in Acehnese society : A Preliminary Observation. Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 3(1), 27–41.
Alfian, I. (1992). Sastra Perang: Sebuah Pembicaraan Mengenai Hikayat Perang Sabil. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Arif, A. (1946). Disekitar Peristiwa Pengchianat Tjoembok. Koetaradja: Semangat Merdeka.
Chambert-Loir, H. (2017). Islamic Law in 17th Century Aceh. In Archipel. Études interdisciplinaires sur le monde insulindien, (94), 51-56. https://doi.org/10.4000/archipel.444
Crecelius, D., & Beardow, E. A. (1979). A Reputed Acehnese" Sarakata" Of The Jamal Al-Lail Dynasty. Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 52(2(236)), 51–66.
Daud, A. (2006). Peristiwa Cumbok di Aceh. Aceh. Dinas Kebudayaan Aceh.
Deraniyagala, S. (2005). The political economy of civil conflict in Nepal. Oxford Development Studies, 33(1), 47–62.
Dewanto, N. (2011). Daud Beureueh: Pejuang Kemerdekaan yang Berontak. Jakarta: Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia.
El-Ibrahimy, M. N. (1982). Tgk. M. Daud Beureueh: Peranannya dalam Pergolakan di Aceh. Jakarta: Gunung Agung.
Hasjmy, A. (1977). Apa Sebab Rakyat Aceh Sanggup Berperang Puluhan Tahun Melawan Agressi Belanda. Jakarta: Bulan Bintang.
Humphreys, M. (2003). Economics and violent conflict. Cambridge, MA.
Hurgronje, S. (1906). The Acehnese. London: E. J. Brill.
Hussin, N. (2005). Networks of Malay merchants and the rise of Penang as a regional trading centre. Southeast Asian Studies, 43(3), 215–237.
Insider. (1950). Atjeh Sepintas Lalu. Jakarta: Archapada.
Ismail, M. G. (1991). Seuneubok lada, uleëbalang dan kumpeni: Perkembangan sosial ekonomi di daerah batas : Aceh Timur, 1840-1942 = Pepertuinen, uleëbalangs en de kompenie : sociaal-ekonomische ontwikkelingen in een grensgebied : Oost-Atjeh, 1840-1942(Thesis/Dissertation). Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden, Leiden, Netherlands.
Jongejans, J. (1939). Land en volk van Atjeh: Vroeger en nu. Michigan, Amerika: Hollandia Drukkerij.
Kurniawati. (2008). Perang Cumbôk Dan Gerakan Tentara Perjuangan Rakyat (TPR) Di Aceh (Desember 1945 Maret 1946). Jurnal Sejarah Lontar, 5(2), 20–34.
Ratna. (2005). Perang Saudara di Aceh (1945). Hisorisme, 1(21), 29–33.
Reid, A. (1979). The Blood of The People: revolution and the end of traditional rule in northern Sumatra. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Revolusi Desember ’45 Di Aceh atau Pembasmian Pengkhianatan Tanah Air. (n.d.). Aceh: Kementerian RI Daerah Aceh.
Safwan, M. (1992). Pahlawan Nasional Teuku Nyak Arif. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka.
Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on research methods: Whatever happened to qualitative description? Research in Nursing and Health, 23(4), 334–340.
Siegel, J. T. (1969). The Rope of God. Berkeley and Los Angels: University of California Press.
Sjamsuddin, N. (1985). The republican revolt: A study of the Acehnese rebellion. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Sulaiman, M. I. (Ed.). (1990). Hikayat Prang Cumbôk (Fungsinya sebagai Karya Sastra Dan Sumber Sejarah Aceh) De auteur
Tiro, H. M. (1999). Demokrasi untuk Indonesia. Jakarta: Teplok Press.
Uddin, A. T. (2009). Religious freedom implications of sharia implementation in Aceh, Indonesia. U. St. Thomas LJ, 7(3),47.
Van ’t Veer, P. (1969). De Atjeh Oorlog. N.V. Amsterdam: Uitgeverij de Arbeiderspers.
Wong, Y. T., & Lee, K. H. (2014). Aceh-Penang Maritime Trade and Chinese Mercantile Networks in the Nineteenth Century. Archipel,87(1), 173–202. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ikat.v4i1.50773
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 2342
| 
views : 1637
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2020 Syukri Rizki, Ikhwan Rahmatika Latif
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.