Unveiling the Multifaceted Causes of Lameness in Dairy Cattle: A Review

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah; Abdul Haseeb; Asim Shamim

doi:10.22146/ijvs.v6i1.99061

Unveiling the Multifaceted Causes of Lameness in Dairy Cattle: A Review

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijvs.v6i1.99061

Syed Muhammad Ali Shah^(1*), Abdul Haseeb⁽²⁾, Asim Shamim⁽³⁾

(1) Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawlakot
(2) Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mirpur University of Science and Technology
(3) Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Poonch Rawlakot
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Lameness in dairy cows is a serious issue that not only affects the health and wellbeing of animals but also affects the economic status of dairy farms. Lameness is the result of stress and pain, ultimately leading to production losses. Lameness is not only the cause of the decrease in production at the dairy farm but is also a welfare issue. Lameness can be caused by many factors, most notably health issues, housing and management, nutrition, and infections. It is important to understand the causes of lameness in dairy cattle in order to prevent the lameness of animals at the farm. A good understanding of the causes can help in developing better regimes for control of this health issue, formulating housing conditions at the farm, and adapting preventive measures to prevent productive losses due to lameness. From hosing to feeding and from management to hoof, health issues should be addressed in the daily routine at a farm to prevent lameness in cows. This review article will delve deeply into the causative factors that are the source of lameness in dairy cattle, ultimately causing dairy losses at the farm.

Full Text:

PDF

References

Abdela, N. (2016). Sub-acute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and its consequence in dairy cattle: A review of past and recent research at global prospective. Achievements in the life sciences, 10(2), 187-196.

Af Sandeberg, A., Båge, R., Nyman, A. K., Agenäs, S., & Hansson, H. (2023). Review: Linking animal health measures in dairy cows to farm-level economic outcomes: a systematic literature mapping. Animal, 17(10), 100971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100971

Akter, M. T., Rahman, M. M., Belal, S. S. H., & Khan, M. A. H. N. A. (2021). Caprine Arthritis is a Hidden Sickness Requiring Early Detection and Management. Journal of the Bangladesh Agricultural University, 19(4), 505–513-505–513.

Alabada, H. K. M., & Saleh, W. M. M. (2020). Vitamin D effectiveness and pathology in humans and domestic animals. Multidisciplinary Reviews, 3, e2020010-e2020010.

Alsaaod, M., Huber, S., Beer, G., Kohler, P., Schüpbach-Regula, G., & Steiner, A. (2017). Locomotion characteristics of dairy cows walking on pasture and the effect of artificial flooring systems on locomotion comfort. Journal of dairy science, 100(10), 8330-8337.

Bahrami-Yekdangi, M., Ghorbani, G. R., Khorvash, M., Khan, M. A., & Ghaffari, M. H. (2016). Reducing crude protein and rumen degradable protein with a constant concentration of rumen undegradable protein in the diet of dairy cows: Production performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen efficiency, and blood metabolites. J Anim Sci, 94(2), 718-725. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2015-9947

Barbosa, A. A., Luz, G. B., Rabassa, V. R., Corrêa, M. N., Martins, C. F., & Del Pino, F. A. B. (2016). Concentration of minerals in the hoof horny capsule of healthy and lame dairy cows. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(3), 1423-1429.

Barden, M., Anagnostopoulos, A., Griffiths, B. E., Bedford, C., Winters, M., Li, B., Coffey, M., Psifidi, A., Banos, G., & Oikonomou, G. (2022). Association between a genetic index for lameness resistance and the incidence of claw horn lesions in Holstein cows. Veterinary Record, 191(1), no-no.

Barker, Z. E., Leach, K. A., Whay, H. R., Bell, N. J., & Main, D. C. J. (2010). Assessment of lameness prevalence and associated risk factors in dairy herds in England and Wales. Journal of dairy science, 93(3), 932-941. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2009-2309

Bell, J., Crosby-Durrani, H. E., Blowey, R. W., Carter, S. D., & Evans, N. J. (2023). Survival of bovine digital dermatitis treponemes in conditions relevant to the host and farm environment. Anaerobe, 82, 102766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102766

Bell, N. J., & Randall, L. (2021). Lameness in dairy heifers: a narrative review of control strategies. Livestock, 26(2), 68-76.

Bewley, J., & Dolecheck, K. (2018). Animal board invited review: Dairy cow lameness expenditures, losses and total cost. Animal, 12(7), 1462-1474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118000575

Bhadauria, P., Lathwal, S., Jadoun, Y., & Gupta, R. (2020). Metabolic profiling of normal and lame Karan Fries cows and its association with lameness during transition period. Journal of Animal Research, 10(3), 375-382.

Bran, J. A., Costa, J. H. C., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G., & Hötzel, M. J. (2019). Factors associated with lameness prevalence in lactating cows housed in freestall and compost-bedded pack dairy farms in southern Brazil. Prev Vet Med, 172, 104773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104773

Browne, N., Hudson, C., Crossley, R., Sugrue, K., Kennedy, E., Huxley, J., & Conneely, M. (2022). Cow-and herd-level risk factors for lameness in partly housed pasture-based dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 105(2), 1418-1431.

Bruinjé, T., Morrison, E., Ribeiro, E., Renaud, D., & LeBlanc, S. (2023). Associations of inflammatory and reproductive tract disorders postpartum with pregnancy and early pregnancy loss in dairy cows. Journal of dairy science.

Castagnino, D. S., Seck, M., Beaudet, V., Kammes, K. L., Linton, J. A. V., Allen, M. S., Gervais, R., Chouinard, P. Y., & Girard, C. L. (2016). Effects of forage family on apparent ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 99(3), 1884-1894. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10319

Clegg, S. R., Bell, J., Ainsworth, S., Blowey, R. W., Bell, N. J., Carter, S. D., & Evans, N. J. (2016). Isolation of digital dermatitis treponemes from cattle hock skin lesions. Vet Dermatol, 27(2), 106-112e129. https://doi.org/10.1111/vde.12286

ÇOBAN, C. T., & KUMANDAŞ, A. Incidence of Foot Diseases in Beef Cattle in Kirikkale Region. Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(2), 160-165.

Council, N. R. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle: 2001. National Academies Press.

Cutler, J. H. H., Rushen, J., de Passillé, A. M., Gibbons, J., Orsel, K., Pajor, E., Barkema, H. W., Solano, L., Pellerin, D., Haley, D., & Vasseur, E. (2017). Producer estimates of prevalence and perceived importance of lameness in dairy herds with tiestalls, freestalls, and automated milking systems. Journal of dairy science, 100(12), 9871-9880. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13008

Dutton-Regester, K. J., Barnes, T. S., Wright, J. D., Alawneh, J. I., & Rabiee, A. R. (2018). A systematic review of tests for the detection and diagnosis of foot lesions causing lameness in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med, 149, 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.11.003

Edwardes, F., van der Voort, M., & Hogeveen, H. (2022). The economics of sensor-based management of dairy cow suboptimal mobility. Journal of dairy science, 105(12), 9682-9701. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-21726

Edwardes, F., van der Voort, M., Rodenburg, T., & Hogeveen, H. (2023). A new approach and insights on modelling the impact of production diseases on dairy cow welfare. Animal, 101056.

Elmhadi, M. E., Ali, D. K., Khogali, M. K., & Wang, H. (2022). Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy herds: Microbiological and nutritional causes, consequences, and prevention strategies. Animal Nutrition, 10, 148-155.

Endres, M. I. (2017). The Relationship of Cow Comfort and Flooring to Lameness Disorders in Dairy Cattle. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 33(2), 227-233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.007

Endres, M. I. (2017). The relationship of cow comfort and flooring to lameness disorders in dairy cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 33(2), 227-233.

Enting, H., Kooij, D., Dijkhuizen, A. A., Huirne, R. B. M., & Noordhuizen-Stassen, E. N. (1997). Economic losses due to clinical lameness in dairy cattle. Livestock Production Science, 49(3), 259-267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(97)00051-1

Erickson, P. S., & Kalscheur, K. F. (2020). Nutrition and feeding of dairy cattle. In Animal Agriculture (pp. 157-180). Elsevier.

Evans, G. W. (2013). Metabolic Disorders of Copper. Advances in Nutritional Research, 12, 167.

Fitzgerald, T., Norton, B. W., Elliott, R., Podlich, H., & Svendsen, O. L. (2000). The influence of long-term supplementation with biotin on the prevention of lameness in pasture fed dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 83(2), 338-344. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74884-3

Fossing, C., Hindhede, J., Klaas, I. C., Rousing, T., & Sørensen, J. T. (2003). Is Lameness a Welfare Problem in Dairy Farms with Automatic Milking Systems? Animal Welfare, 12(4), 599-603. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600026245

Freitas, S. L., Queiroz, P. J. B., Fernandes, J. J. R., Nascente, E. P., Santos, A. S., Nascimento, K. S., & Silva, L. A. F. (2023). Occurrence of clinical laminitis after adaptation to confinement: effects on morphology, density, and mineral composition of the hoof of Nellore cattle after finishing. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira, 43, e07131.

Fritsche, A., Mathis, G. A., & Althaus, F. R. (1991). [Pharmacologic effects of biotin on epidermal cells]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 133(6), 277-283. (Pharmakologische Wirkungen von Biotin auf Epidermiszellen.)

Fürmann, A., Syring, C., Becker, J., Sarbach, A., Weber, J., Welham Ruiters, M., & Steiner, A. (2024). Prevalence of Painful Lesions of the Digits and Risk Factors Associated with Digital Dermatitis, Ulcers and White Line Disease on Swiss Cattle Farms. Animals, 14(1), 153.

Garvey, M. (2022). Lameness in dairy cow herds: disease aetiology, prevention and management. Dairy, 3(1), 199-210.

Gillespie, A. V., Carter, S. D., Blowey, R. W., Staton, G. J., & Evans, N. J. (2020). Removal of bovine digital dermatitis-associated treponemes from hoof knives after foot-trimming: a disinfection field study. BMC Vet Res, 16(1), 330. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-020-02552-8

Griffiths, B. E., Grove White, D., & Oikonomou, G. (2018). A cross-sectional study into the prevalence of dairy cattle lameness and associated herd-level risk factors in England and Wales. Frontiers in veterinary science, 5, 65.

Hedges, J., Blowey, R. W., Packington, A. J., O'Callaghan, C. J., & Green, L. E. (2001). A longitudinal field trial of the effect of biotin on lameness in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 84(9), 1969-1975. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74639-5

Hernández, J., Benedito, J. L., Abuelo, A., & Castillo, C. (2014). Ruminal acidosis in feedlot: from aetiology to prevention. ScientificWorldJournal, 2014, 702572. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/702572

Hidiroglou, M., Proulx, J., & Jolette, J. (1985). Intraruminal selenium pellet for control of nutritional muscular dystrophy in cattle. Journal of dairy science, 68(1), 57-66.

Ishler, V., & Varga, G. (2001). Carbohydrate nutrition for lactating dairy cattle. Dept Dairy and Anim Sci. The Pennsilvania State Univ. DAS, 01-29.

Jaques, N., Turner, S.-A., Vallée, E., Heuer, C., & Lopez-Villalobos, N. (2023). Estimates of Genetic Parameters for Milk, the Occurrence of and Susceptibility to Clinical Lameness and Claw Disorders in Dairy Goats. Animals, 13(8), 1374.

Jubb, T., Annand, T., Main, D., & Murphy, G. (1993). Phosphorus supplements and fluorosis in cattle—a northern Australian experience. Australian veterinary journal, 70(10), 379-383.

JUBB, T., & MALMO, J. (1991). Lesions causing lameness requiring veterinary treatment in pasture-fed dairy cows in East Gippsland. Australian veterinary journal, 68(1), 21-24. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1991.tb09836.x

Jury, A., Syring, C., Becker, J., Locher, I., Strauss, G., Ruiters, M., & Steiner, A. (2021). [Prevalence of claw disorders in swiss cattle farms]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 164(11), 779-790. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00327 (Prävalenz von Klauenveränderungen in Schweizer Rindviehbetrieben.)

Kanitakis, J., Zambruno, G., Viac, J., & Thivolet, J. (1987). Involucrin expression in keratinization disorders of the skin--a preliminary study. Br J Dermatol, 117(4), 479-486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1987.tb04928.x

Kester, E., Holzhauer, M., & Frankena, K. (2014). A descriptive review of the prevalence and risk factors of hock lesions in dairy cows. Vet J, 202(2), 222-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.004

Khansefid, M., Haile-Mariam, M., & Pryce, J. (2021). Including milk production, conformation, and functional traits in multivariate models for genetic evaluation of lameness. Journal of dairy science, 104(10), 10905-10920.

Kibar, M., Leblebici, Z., Caglayan, T., & Aksoy, A. (2016). Is level of trace minerals important for healthy hoof in dairy cows? Manas Journal of Agriculture Veterinary and Life Sciences, 6(2), 14-21.

Kilic, N., Ceylan, A., Serin, I., & Gokbulut, C. (2007). Possible interaction between lameness, fertility, some minerals, and vitamin E in dairy cows. BULLETIN-VETERINARY INSTITUTE IN PULAWY, 51(3), 425.

Köglberger, B. (2013). Study on mineral metabolism of dairy cows

Kontturi, M., Junni, R., Kujala-Wirth, M., Malinen, E., Seuna, E., Pelkonen, S., Soveri, T., & Simojoki, H. (2020). Acute phase response and clinical manifestation in outbreaks of interdigital phlegmon in dairy herds. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 68, 101375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101375

Kontturi, M., Junni, R., Kujala-Wirth, M., Malinen, E., Seuna, E., Pelkonen, S., Soveri, T., & Simojoki, H. (2020). Acute phase response and clinical manifestation in outbreaks of interdigital phlegmon in dairy herds. Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 68, 101375.

Kontturi, M., Junni, R., Simojoki, H., Malinen, E., Seuna, E., Klitgaard, K., Kujala-Wirth, M., Soveri, T., & Pelkonen, S. (2019). Bacterial species associated with interdigital phlegmon outbreaks in Finnish dairy herds. BMC Vet Res, 15(1), 44. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-019-1788-x

Kontturi, M., Kujala, M., Junni, R., Malinen, E., Seuna, E., Pelkonen, S., Soveri, T., & Simojoki, H. (2017). Survey of interdigital phlegmon outbreaks and their risk factors in free stall dairy herds in Finland. Acta Vet Scand, 59(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-017-0313-0

Kull, J., Ingle, H., Black, R., Eberhart, N., & Krawczel, P. (2017). Effects of bedding with recycled sand on lying behaviors, udder hygiene, and preference of lactating Holstein dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 100(9), 7379-7389.

Langova, L., Novotna, I., Nemcova, P., Machacek, M., Havlicek, Z., Zemanova, M., & Chrast, V. (2020). Impact of nutrients on the hoof health in cattle. Animals, 10(10), 1824.

Lean, I., Westwood, C., Golder, H., & Vermunt, J. (2013). Impact of nutrition on lameness and claw health in cattle. Livestock Science, 156(1-3), 71-87.

Logue, D. (2011). THE IMPACT OF NUTRITION ON LAMENESS-A REVIEW. LAMENE CONFERE, 1.

Long, B., Lentz, S., & Gottlieb, M. (2021). Alcoholic Ketoacidosis: Etiologies, Evaluation, and Management. J Emerg Med, 61(6), 658-665. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jemermed.2021.09.007

Malašauskienė, D., Antanaitis, R., Juozaitienė, V., Paulauskas, A., Urbonavičius, G., Televičius, M., Urbutis, M., Kajokienė, L., Yilmaz, A., & Baumgartner, W. (2022). Impact of calving difficulty on lameness in dairy cows. Agriculture, 12(7), 960.

Manske, T., Hultgren, J., & Bergsten, C. (2002). Prevalence and interrelationships of hoof lesions and lameness in Swedish dairy cows. Preventive veterinary medicine, 54(3), 247-263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5877(02)00018-1

Medina-González, P., Moreno, K., & Gómez, M. (2022). Why Is the Grass the Best Surface to Prevent Lameness? Integrative Analysis of Functional Ranges as a Key for Dairy Cows’ Welfare. Animals, 12(4), 496.

Mee, J., Marchewka, J., & Boyle, L. (2019). Dairy cow welfare–perceptions vary significantly between key industry stakeholder groups. Precision Livestock Farming, 19, 766-772.

Mullan, S., Bunglavan, S. J., Rowe, E., Barrett, D. C., Lee, M. R., Ananth, D., & Tarlton, J. (2020). Welfare challenges of dairy cows in India identified through on-farm observations. Animals, 10(4), 586.

Nazifi, S., Esmailnezhad, Z., Haghkhah, M., Ghadirian, S., & Mirzaei, A. (2012). Acute phase response in lame cattle with interdigital dermatitis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol, 28(4), 1791-1796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-011-0995-9

Neethirajan, S. (2023). Innovative Strategies for Sustainable Dairy Farming in Canada amidst Climate Change. Sustainability 2024, 16, 265. In.

Nielsen, S. S., Alvarez, J., Bicout, D. J., Calistri, P., Canali, E., Drewe, J. A., Garin-Bastuji, B., Gonzales Rojas, J. L., Gortázar Schmidt, C., Herskin, M., Michel, V., Miranda Chueca, M., Padalino, B., Roberts, H. C., Spoolder, H., Stahl, K., Velarde, A., Viltrop, A., De Boyer des Roches, A., . . . Winckler, C. (2023). Welfare of dairy cows. Efsa j, 21(5), e07993. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2023.7993

Niyozov, H. (2020). Etopathogenesis, incidence rate and clinical symptoms of purulent-necrotic processes of cattle fingers. Financed by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union The conclusions and view expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect an official view of the European Commission.–2020.

Nogues, E. (2023). Social behaviour of dairy cattle: inter-individual differences and implications for welfare University of British Columbia].

Orsel, K., Plummer, P., Shearer, J., De Buck, J., Carter, S. D., Guatteo, R., & Barkema, H. W. (2018). Missing pieces of the puzzle to effectively control digital dermatitis. Transbound Emerg Dis, 65 Suppl 1, 186-198. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.12729

Ózsvári, L. (2017). Economic cost of lameness in dairy cattle herds. J. Dairy Vet. Anim. Res, 6(2), 283-289.

Palmquist, D., & Jenkins, T. (2017). A 100-Year Review: Fat feeding of dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 100(12), 10061-10077.

Priyantha, M., Perera, G., Liyanagunawardana, N., & Ranatunga, A. (2021). Overview of Mycoplasma bovis infection in dairy and beef cattle. Wayamba Journal of Animal Science, 13.

Queiroz, P. J. B., Assis, B. M., Silva, D. C., Noronha Filho, A. D. F., Pancotti, A., Rabelo, R. E., Borges, N. C., Vulcani, V. A. S., & Silva, L. (2021). Mineral composition and microstructure of the abaxial hoof wall in dairy heifers after biotin supplementation. Anat Histol Embryol, 50(1), 93-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/ahe.12605

Ramanoon, S. Z., Sadiq, M. B., Shaik Mossadeq, W., Mansor, R., & Syed-Hussain, S. (2018). The impact of lameness on dairy cattle welfare: Growing need for objective methods of detecting lame cows and assessment of associated pain. Anim. Welf.

Riaboff, L., Relun, A., Petiot, C. E., Feuilloy, M., Couvreur, S., & Madouasse, A. (2021). Identification of discriminating behavioural and movement variables in lameness scores of dairy cows at pasture from accelerometer and GPS sensors using a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis. Prev Vet Med, 193, 105383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105383

Robcis, R., Ferchiou, A., Berrada, M., Ndiaye, Y., Herman, N., Lhermie, G., & Raboisson, D. (2023). Cost of lameness in dairy herds: An integrated bioeconomic modeling approach. J Dairy Sci, 106(4), 2519-2534. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22446

Robinson, Z. B., Shah, D. H., Taylor, K. R., & Wild, M. A. (2023). Transmission and lesion progression of treponeme-associated hoof disease in captive elk (Cervus canadensis). PLoS One, 18(8), e0289764. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289764

Roche, S., Renaud, D., Saraceni, J., Kelton, D., & DeVries, T. (2023). INVITED REVIEW: Prevalence, risk factors, treatment, and barriers to best practice adoption for lameness and injuries in dairy cattle: A narrative review. Journal of dairy science.

Rose, M. (2021). Animalphysiologyand nutrition. The Agricultural Notebook, 291.

Rouha-Mülleder, C., Iben, C., Wagner, E., Laaha, G., Troxler, J., & Waiblinger, S. (2009). Relative importance of factors influencing the prevalence of lameness in Austrian cubicle loose-housed dairy cows. Preventive veterinary medicine, 92(1), 123-133. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.07.008

Russell, A., Rowlands, G., Shaw, S., & Weaver, A. (1982). Survey of lameness in British dairy cattle. The veterinary record, 111(8), 155-160.

Sadiq, M., Ramanoon, S., Mossadeq, W. S., Mansor, R., & Syed-Hussain, S. (2021). A modified functional hoof trimming technique reduces the risk of lameness and hoof lesion prevalence in housed dairy cattle. Preventive veterinary medicine, 195, 105463.

Sadiq, M. B., Ramanoon, S. Z., Shaik Mossadeq, W. M., Mansor, R., & Syed Hussain, S. S. (2019). Dairy farmers’ perceptions of and actions in relation to lameness management. Animals, 9(5), 270.

Sadiq, M. B., Ramanoon, S. Z., Shaik Mossadeq, W. M. M., Mansor, R., & Syed-Hussain, S. S. (2021). Preventive Hoof Trimming and Animal-Based Welfare Measures Influence the Time to First Lameness Event and Hoof Lesion Prevalence in Dairy Cows. Frontiers in veterinary science, 8, 631844.

Saha, U., Fayiga, A., Hancock, D., & Sonon, L. (2016). Selenium in animal nutrition: deficiencies in soils and forages, requirements, supplementation and toxicity. Int. J. appl. agric. Sci, 2(6), 112-125.

Salfer, J. A., Siewert, J. M., & Endres, M. I. (2018). Housing, management characteristics, and factors associated with lameness, hock lesion, and hygiene of lactating dairy cattle on Upper Midwest United States dairy farms using automatic milking systems. Journal of dairy science, 101(9), 8586-8594. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2017-13925

Sayiner, S., Fidanci, U. R., Kucukersan, S., Kismali, G., Meral, O., Sehirli, A. O., Sel, T., & Karagul, H. (2020). Vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium status of heifers grazing in Northern Cyprus. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(4), 1869-1874.

Schaub, M., Alsaaod, M., Syring, C., Becker, J., Plüss, J., Blatter, S., Rachidi, F., Starke, A., & Steiner, A. (2023). [Risk factors for infectious foot -disorders on two Swiss cattle -mountain pastures]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 165(6), 385-399. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00397 (Risikofaktoren für infektiöse Zehenerkrankungen auf zwei Schweizer Rinderalpen.)

Seck, M., Linton, J. A. V., Allen, M. S., Castagnino, D. S., Chouinard, P. Y., & Girard, C. L. (2017). Apparent ruminal synthesis of B vitamins in lactating dairy cows fed diets with different forage-to-concentrate ratios. J Dairy Sci, 100(3), 1914-1922. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-12111

Shamshidin, A., Kharzhau, A., Gabdullin, D., Batyrgaliyev, Y., Kulbayev, R., & Zholdasbekov, A. (2023). Development of feeding and reproduction technology in dairy cattle breeding based on the use of digital technologies. Braz J Biol, 83, e276748. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.276748

Shearer, J. K., Van Amstel, S. R., & Brodersen, B. W. (2012). Clinical diagnosis of foot and leg lameness in cattle. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice, 28(3), 535-556.

Shepley, E., Lensink, J., & Vasseur, E. (2020). Cow in Motion: A review of the impact of housing systems on movement opportunity of dairy cows and implications on locomotor activity. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 230, 105026.

Silva, H. M. D., & Oliveira, A. S. (2023). A new protein requirement system for dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 106(3), 1757-1772. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2022-22348

Sinclair, K. D., Garnsworthy, P. C., Mann, G. E., & Sinclair, L. A. (2014). Reducing dietary protein in dairy cow diets: implications for nitrogen utilization, milk production, welfare and fertility. Animal, 8(2), 262-274. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731113002139

Singh, A., Randhawa, S. S., & Singh, R. S. (2019). The effect of biotin and zinc supplementation on dairy cow hoof health and milk quality. Veterinarski arhiv, 89(6), 799-820.

Singh, A. K., Kumari, T., Rajput, M. S., Baishya, A., Bhatt, N., & Roy, S. (2020). A review: Effect of bedding material on production, reproduction and health and behavior of dairy animals. Int. J. Livest. Res, 10(7), 11-20.

STANOJEVIĆ, J., RADINOVIĆ, M., CINCOVIĆ, M. R., & BELIĆ, B. (2020). THE EFFECT OF ASEPTIC PODODERMATITIS ON MILK PRODUCTION.

Sullivan, L. E., Blowey, R. W., Carter, S. D., Duncan, J. S., Grove-White, D. H., Page, P., Iveson, T., Angell, J. W., & Evans, N. J. (2014). Presence of digital dermatitis treponemes on cattle and sheep hoof trimming equipment. Vet Rec, 175(8), 201. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.102269

Syring, C., Berchtold, B., Alsaaod, M., & Meylan, M. (2019). [Acute outbreak of lameness due to inflammatory claw disease in a beef herd]. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd, 161(10), 689-696. https://doi.org/10.17236/sat00231 (Akuter Ausbruch von Lahmheit infolge entzündlicher Klauenhauterkrankungen in einem Mastbetrieb.)

Thomsen, P. T., Shearer, J. K., & Houe, H. (2023). Prevalence of lameness in dairy cows: A literature review. Vet J, 295, 105975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2023.105975

Usié, A., Leão, C., Gaspar, D., Monteiro, H., Tábuas, L., Bettencourt, E., Caetano, P., Padre, L., Carolino, N., Ramos, A. M., de Matos, C., & Branco, S. (2023). A metagenomics approach to characterize the footrot microbiome in Merino sheep. Vet Microbiol, 281, 109745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109745

van den Borne, B. H. P., Di Giacinto Villalobos, A. M., & Hogeveen, H. (2022). Disentangling the relationships between lameness, milking frequency and milk production in Dutch dairy herds using an automatic milking system. Preventive veterinary medicine, 208, 105733. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105733

Van Metre, D. C. (2017). Pathogenesis and Treatment of Bovine Foot Rot. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 33(2), 183-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.003

Van Nuffel, A., Zwertvaegher, I., Pluym, L., Van Weyenberg, S., Thorup, V. M., Pastell, M., Sonck, B., & Saeys, W. (2015). Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: Part 1. How to Distinguish between Non-Lame and Lame Cows Based on Differences in Locomotion or Behavior. Animals (Basel), 5(3), 838-860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5030387

Walker, P. G., & Niehaus, A. J. (2022). Integumentary system. Medicine and Surgery of Camelids, 232-302.

Warner, D., Dallago, G. M., Dovoedo, O. W., Lacroix, R., Delgado, H. A., Cue, R. I., Wade, K. M., Dubuc, J., Pellerin, D., & Vasseur, E. (2022). Keeping profitable cows in the herd: A lifetime cost-benefit assessment to support culling decisions. Animal, 16(10), 100628. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2022.100628

Warner, G. D. (2023). Bovine Lameness from the Ground up. Veterinary Clinics: Food Animal Practice.

Warnick, L. D., Janssen, D., Guard, C. L., & Gröhn, Y. T. (2001). The effect of lameness on milk production in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci, 84(9), 1988-1997. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(01)74642-5

Wawrzyniak, N., & Suliburska, J. (2021). Nutritional and health factors affecting the bioavailability of calcium: a narrative review. Nutrition Reviews, 79(12), 1307-1320.

Westin, R., Vaughan, A., de Passillé, A. M., DeVries, T. J., Pajor, E. A., Pellerin, D., Siegford, J. M., Vasseur, E., & Rushen, J. (2016). Lying times of lactating cows on dairy farms with automatic milking systems and the relation to lameness, leg lesions, and body condition score. J Dairy Sci, 99(1), 551-561. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9737

Westwood, C. T., Bramley, E., & Lean, I. J. (2003). Review of the relationship between nutrition and lameness in pasture-fed dairy cattle. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 51(5), 208-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2003.36369

Whay, H. R., & Shearer, J. K. (2017). The Impact of Lameness on Welfare of the Dairy Cow. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract, 33(2), 153-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2017.02.008

Wilson-Welder, J. H., Alt, D. P., & Nally, J. E. (2015). The etiology of digital dermatitis in ruminants: recent perspectives. Vet Med (Auckl), 6, 155-164. https://doi.org/10.2147/vmrr.S62072

Yakan, S. (2021). Effects of hoof trimming on feed consumption, milk yield, oxidant and antioxidant system in dairy cows with hoof deformities. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 8(1), 47-58.

Zarczynska, K., Baumgartner, W., & Sobiech, P. (2017). Coagulology, biochemical profile and muscle pathology in calves diagnosed with nutritional muscular dystrophy. Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 20(2).

Zhang, G., & Ametaj, B. N. (2020). Ketosis an old story under a new approach. Dairy, 1(1), 5.

Zhao, X.-J., Wang, X.-Y., Wang, J.-H., Wang, Z.-Y., Wang, L., & Wang, Z.-H. (2015). Oxidative stress and imbalance of mineral metabolism contribute to lameness in dairy cows. Biological trace element research, 164, 43-49

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijvs.v6i1.99061