Benefits of vitamin B complex supplements to ruminants

Yanuartono Yanuartono; Alsi Dara Paryuni; Soedarmanto - Indarjulianto; Hary - Purnamaningsih

doi:10.22146/ijvs.v4i1.93809

Benefits of vitamin B complex supplements to ruminants

https://doi.org/10.22146/ijvs.v4i1.93809

Yanuartono Yanuartono^(1*), Alsi Dara Paryuni⁽²⁾, Soedarmanto - Indarjulianto⁽³⁾, Hary - Purnamaningsih⁽⁴⁾

(1) Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University
(2) FKH UGM
(3) FKH UGM
(4) FKH UGM
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract

Abstract

Vitamins are nutritional elements found in feed and perform vital specific functions in various body systems, and are very important for maintaining optimal health of livestock. The vitamin B-complex refers to essential water-soluble vitamins such as vitamin B1 (thiamine), vitamin B2 (riboflavin), vitamin B3 (niacin), vitamin B4 (choline), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamine). vitamin B complexs play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats. The major source of vitamins in ruminants is green roughages. It was generally recognized that mature ruminants do not require B-vitamin supplements because the amounts of vitamins provided by the diet and synthesized by the ruminal microflora were sufficient to prevent emergence of deficiency symptoms. However, the results of the studies indicate that the synthesis of vitamin B complex by rumen microflora is not sufficient for optimal health maintenance and production so that supplements are needed to meet their needs. Finally, vitamin B Complex supplementation is still needed for high production livestock because its needs are far greater than those that can be produced by rumen microorganisms This paper aims to briefly review the benefits of giving vitamin B complex supplements to ruminants.

Keywords : vitamin B complex, supplements, ruminants, ruminal microflora

Full Text:

PDF

References

Daftar Pustaka

Acevedo-Rocha, C.G., Gronenberg, L.S., Mack, M., Commichau, F.M. and Genee, H.J. 2019. Microbial cell factories for the sustainable manufacturing of B vitamins. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 56: 18-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2018.07.006

Ahmad, I., Mirza, T., Qadeer, K., Nazim, U. and Vaid, F.H.M. 2013. Vitamin B6: Deficiency diseases and methods of analysis. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 26 (5): 1057-1069

Akins, M.S., Bertics, S., Socha, M. and Shaver, R.D. 2013. Effects of cobalt supplementation and vitamin B 12 injections on lactation performance and metabolism of Holstein dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 96 (3):1755-1768. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5979.

Ashwin, K., Paladan, V., Uniyal, S., Sahoo, J.K., Perween, S., Gupta, M. and Singh, A. 2018. An Update on B Vitamin Nutrition for Cattle. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 7(07): 188-192. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.707.023

Ballet, N., Robert, J.C. and Williams, P.E.V. 2000. Vitamins in Forages.in Forage Evaluation in Ruminant Nutrition (eds D.I. Givens, E. Owen, R.F.E. Axford and H.M. Omed. CAB International 2000

Bender, D.A., and Mayes, P.A. 2003. Vitamins & Minerals. In: Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, Rodwell VW, editors. Harper’s Biochemistry. New York: Lange Medical Books. pp. 481–498.

Braunlich, K. and Zintzen, H. 1976. Vitamin B1 in animal nutrition. Basel, Hoffmann-La Roche. Number: 1593

Brito, A., Chiquette, J., Stabler, S.P., Allen, R.H. and Girard, C.L. 2015. Supplementing lactating dairy cows with a vitamin B12 precursor, 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, increases the apparent ruminal synthesis of vitamin B12. Animal. 9(1): 67-75. DOI:10.1017/S1751731114002201

Campbell, J.M., Murphy, M.R., Christensen, R.A. and Overton, T.R. 1994. Kinetics of niacin supplements in lactating Dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 566-575.

Casals, R. and Calsamiglia, S. 2012. Optimum vitamin nutrition beef cattle, in Optimum vitamin nutrition; in the production of quality animal foods. 5M Publishing: United Kingdom. pp. 309-331.

Çatak, J. 2019. Determination of niacin profiles in some animal and plant based foods by high performance liquid chromatography: association with healthy nutrition. J Anim Sci Technol. 61(3):138–146. doi:10.5187/jast.2019.61.3.138

Cervantes, A., Smith, T.R. and Young, J.W. 1996. Effects of Nicotinamide on Milk Composition and Production of Dairy Cows fed Supplemental fat. J. Dairy Sci. 79 (1): 105-113. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(96)76340-3

Chang, X., Mowat, D.N. and Mallard, B.A. 1995. Supplementalchromium and niacin for stressed feeder calves. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 75:351-358. DOI:10.4141/cjas95-054

Chen, Z.H. 1999. Development of sustained release products suitable for the management of vitamin B12 deficiency in animals. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia

Coleman, G.S. 1980. Rumen Ciliate Protozoa, in Advances in Parasitology, W.H.R. Lumsden, R. Muller, and J.R. Baker, Editors, Academic Press.:121-173.

Combs, Jr., G.F. 2012. The vitamins. Fundamental aspects in nutrition and health. 4th ed. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA.

Combs, G.F. Jr . 1998. The Vitamins: Fundamental Aspects in Nutrition and Health, 2nd ed. San Diego, CA: Academic

Cruyvagen, C.W. and Bunge, G.A. 2004. The effect of supplemental biotin in dairy cow diets on fibre fermentation patterns as measured by in vitro gas production. South African Journal of Animal Science. 34 (Supplement 2): 68-70.

Demeyer D I. 1981. Rumen microbes and digestion of plant cell walls. Agriculture and Environment. 6 (2-3):295-337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-1131(81)90020-5

Driskell, J.A. 1984. Vitamin B6. In “Handbook of Vitamins,” (L.J. Machlin, ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.

Driskell, J.A., Kim, Y., Giraud, D.W., Hamouz, F.L., de Mello, A.S., Erickson, G.E. and Calkins, C.K. 2011. Vitamin and mineral content of value cuts from beef steers fed distiller’s grains. J. Food Comp. Analy. 24 (3): 362-367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.08.013

Duplessis, M., Girard, C.L., Santschi, D.E., Laforest, J.P., Durocher, J. and Pellerin, D. 2014. Effects of folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation on culling rate, diseases, and reproduction in commercial dairy herds. J. Dairy Sci. 97(4) :2346–2354. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2013-7369

Duplessis, M., Mann, S., Nydam, D.V., Girard, C.L., Pellerin, D. and Overton, T.R. 2015. Short communication: Folates and vitamin B12 in colostrum and milk from dairy cows fed different energy levels during the dry period. Journal of Dairy Science. 98 (8): 5454-5459. doi: 10.3168/jds.2015-9507.

Edwin, E.E. and Jackman, R. 1982. Ruminant thiamine requirement in perspective. Veterinary Research Communications 5: 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02214990

EFSA, 2006. Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals – EFSA. https://www.efsa.europa.eu › efsa_rep › blobserver_assets › ndatolerableuil

Elitok, B., and Akgun, S. 2018. Investigation on Effects of Parenterally Given Vitamin B Complex on Ruminal Protozoa in Cattle. Int. Biol. Biomed. J. Winter. 4 (1): 54-61.

Elmadfa, I., Majchrzak, D., Rust, P. and Genser, D. 2001. The thiamine status of adult humans depends on carbohydrate intake. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 71(4): 217-21. DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831.71.4.217

Erickson, P.S., Murphy, M.R., Sweeny, M. and Trusk, A.M. 1991. Niacin absorption from the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 74 (10): 3492-3495. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78540-8

Ewan, R.C. 1993. Vitamins. In: Swenson MJ, Reece WO, eds. Duke’s Physiology of Domestic Animals. London: Cornell Univer Pr. 503–516.

Farmer, B., Larson, B.T., Fulgoni, V.L., Rainville, A.J. and Liepa, G.U. 2011. A vegetarian dietary pattern as a nutrient-dense approach to weight management: an analysis of the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999–2004. J Am Diet Assoc. 111(6): 819–827. DOI:10.1016/j.jada.2011.03.012

Fattal-Valevski, A. 2011. Thiamine (Vitamin B1). J Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med. 16 (1):12-20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1533210110392941

Finlayson, H.J. and Seeley, R.C. 1983. The synthesis and absorption of pantothenic acid in the gastrointestinal tract of adult sheep. J Sci Food Agric. 34 (5): 427–432. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740340503

Fletcher, D.W. 1956. Studies on the growth requirements of a cellulolytic coccus from the bovine rumen. Ph.D. Thesis, State College of Washington, Pullman, Washington.

Fukuwatari, T. and Shibata, K. 2013. Nutritional aspect of tryptophan metabolism. Int J Tryptophan Res. 6(Suppl 1):3-8. doi:10.4137/IJTR.S11588

Gabory, A., Attig, L. and Junien, C. 2011. Developmental programming and epigenetics. Am J Clin Nutr 94 (6 suppl):1943S–1952S. DOI:10.3945/ajcn.110.000927

Gadient, M. 1986. Effect of pelleting on nutritional quality of feed. Proceedings of Maryland Nutrition Conference. 73–79.

Girard, C. L. 1998. B-complex vitamins for dairy cows: A new approach. Can J Anim Sci. 78 (Suppl):71-90

Girard, C.L., Santschi, D.E., Stabler, S.P. and Allen, R.H. 2009. Apparent ruminal synthesis and intestinal disappearance of vitamin B12 and its analogs in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 92 (9) :4524–4529 doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-2049

Girard, C.L. 2017. Invited Review New approaches, development, and improvement of methodologies for the assessment of B-vitamin requirements in dairy cows. R. Bras. Zootec., 46(7): 614-620. DOI: 10.1590/s1806-92902017000700009

Girard, C.L., and Matte, J.J. 1999. Changes in serum concentrations of folates, pyridoxal, pyridoxal-5-phosphate and vitamin B12 during lactation of dairy cows fed dietary supplements of folic acid. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 79(1): 107–113. https://doi.org/10.4141/A98-016

Girard, C.L. and Matte J.J. 1998. Dietary supplements of folic acid during lactation: Effects on the performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 81(5): 1412-1419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(98)75705-4

Grace, N.D. 1999. An evaluation of a long acting injectable vitamin B12 to increase and maintain the vitamin B12 status of lambs and ewes. Proceedings from the 29th Seminar of the society of sheep and beef cattle veterinarians NZVA 189: 61-67

Grace, N.D., West, D.M. and Sargison, N.D. 1998. The efficacy of a subcutaneous injection of soluble vitamin B12 in lambs. New Zealand veterinary journal 46: 194-196

Grace, N.D. and Knowles, S.O. 2012. Lack of production response in grazing dairy cows supplemented withlong-acting injectable vitamin B12, New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 60 (2): 95-99, DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2011.639932

Graulet, B., Matte, J.J., Desrochers, A., Doepel, L., Palin, M.F. and Girard, C. L. 2007. Effects of dietary supplements of folic acid and vitamin B12 on metabolism of dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 90 (7):3442–3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-718.

Gregory, J.F. and Kirk, J.R. 1981. The bioavailability of vitamin B6 in foods. Nutr Rev. 39 (1):1-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1981.tb06700.x

Grummer, R.R. 1993. Etiology of lipid related metabolic disorders in periparturient dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 76(12):3882-3896. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77729-2

Hankes, L.V. 1984. Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. In Handbook of Vitamins, Nurrional, Biochemical and Clinical Aspects, pp. 329-377 [L. J. Machlin, editor]. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc

Harmeyer, J. and Kollenkirchen, U. 1989. Thiamin and Niacin in Ruminant Nutrition. Nutrition Research Reviews 2(1): 201-225. DOI: 10.1079/NRR19890015

Hartwell, J.R., Cecavqa, M.J. and Donkin, S.S. 2000. Impact of dietary rumen undegradable protein and rumen-protected choline on intake, peripartum liver triacylglyceride, plasma metabolites and milk production in transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83 (12): 2907 – 2917. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75191-5

Hellmann, H., and Mooney, S. 2010. Vitamin B6: A Molecule for Human Health? Molecules. 15 (1):442- 459. doi: 10.3390/molecules15010442

Holler, H.A. and Breves, G. 1980. Vitamin B, in the sheep rumen. Tanzanian Veterinary Bulletin 2: 31-37.

Hosomi, K. and Kunisawa, J. 2017. The specific roles of vitamins in the regulation of immunosurveillance and maintenance of immunologic homeostasis in the gut. Immune Netw. 17 (1):13–19. doi: 10.4110/in.2017.17.1.13

Hurley, W.L. and Doane, R.M. 1989. Recent Developments in the Roles of Vitamins and Minerals in Reproduction. J Dairy Sci. 72 (3):784-804. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022 0302(89)79170-0

Jaster, E.H. and Ward, N.E. 1990. Supplemental Nicotinic acid or Nicotinamide for Lactating Dairy Cows. J. Dairy Sci. 73 (10): 2880-2889. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(90)78975-8

Jenkins, T.C. 1993. Symposium: Advances in Ruminant Lipid Metabolism Lipid Metabolism in The Rumen. J Dairy Sci. 76 (12):3851-3863. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77727-9

Johnson, B.C., Pinkos, J.A., and Burke, K.A. 1950. Pyridoxine Deficiency in the Calf: Three Figures, The Journal of Nutrition. 40 (2): 309–322, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/40.2.309

Judson, G.J., Babidge, P.J., Chen, Z.H. and Sansom, L.N. 2002. Recent developments in the detection and treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency in sheep and cattle at pastureProceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production 62: 307-310

Judson, G.J., McFarlane, J.D., Mitsioulis, A. and Zviedrans, P. 1997. Vitamin B12 responses to cobalt pellets in beef cows. Australian veterinary journal 75 (9): 660-662. DOI:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1997.tb15365.x

Kadim, I.T., Mahgoub, O., Srikandakumar, A., Al-Ajmi, D.S., Al-Maqbaly, R.S., Al-Saqri, N.M. and Johnson, E.H. 2004. Comparative effect of low levels of dietary cobalt and parenteral injection of vitamin B12 on carcass and meat quality characteristics in Omani goats. Meat Science 66 (2004) 837–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2003.08.003

Kahraman, O., Citil, O.B., Alatas, M.S. and Ozbilgin. A. 2015. Folic Acid In Ruminant Nutrition. Scientific Papers. Series D. Animal Science. LVIII: 140-143

Karapinar, T., Dabak, M. and Kizil, O. 2010. Thiamine status of feedlot cattle fed a high-concentrate diet. Can Vet J. 51(11):1251–1253.

Karkoodi, K. and Tamizrad, K. 2009. Effect of niacin supplementation on performance and blood parameters of Holstein cows. South African Journal of Animal Science. 39(4):349-354. DOI: 10.4314/sajas.v39i4.51128

Kaur, H., Chawla, R. and Kewalramani, N. 2003. Need to review B vitamin requirement in ruminants. 55(10):68-70

Keady, T.W.J., Hanrahan, J.P. and Fagan, S.P. 2017. Cobalt supplementation, alone or in combination with vitamin B12 and selenium: Effects on lamb performance and mineral status, Journal of Animal Science. 95 (1) 379–386. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2016.0825

Khattak, K.F. and Rahman, T.U. 2017. Analysis of vegetable’s peels as a natural source of vitamins and minerals. International Food Research Journal. 24(1): 292-297

Kuksis, A. and Mookerjea, S. 1978. Choline. Nutr. Rev. 36 (7): 201–207. DOI:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1978.tb07359.x

Kutsal, T. and Özbas M.T. 1989. Microbial Production of Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin). In: Vandamme E.J. (eds) Biotechnology of Vitamins, Pigments and Growth Factors. Elsevier Applied Biotechnology Series. Springer, Dordrecht

Ladipo, O.A. 2000. Nutrition in pregnancy: Mineral and vitamin supplements. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72(S1):280S–290S. DOI:10.1093/ajcn/72.1.280S

Laquale, K.M. 2006. B-complex vitamins' role in energy release. In Movement Arts, Health Promotion and Leisure Studies Faculty Publications. Paper 25. Available at: http://vc.bridgew.edu/mahpls_fac/25

Leklem, J.E. 1991. Vitamin B6. In: Handbook of Vitamins (Machlin LJ. ed, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York. 341-65.

Leonardi, R. and Jackowski, S. 2007. Biosynthesis of Pantothenic Acid and Coenzyme A. EcoSal Plus. 2(2):10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.4. doi:10.1128/ecosalplus.3.6.3.4

Lim, S.H., Choi, J.S. and Park, E.Y. 2001. Microbial Production of Riboflavin Using Riboflavin Overproducers, Ashbya gossypii, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida famate: An Overview. Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. 6(2): 75-88. DOI: 10.1007/BF02931951

Liu, M., Alimov, A.P., Wang, H., Frank, J.A., Katz, W., Xu, M., Ke, Z.J. and Luo, J. 2014. Thiamine deficiency induces anorexia by inhibiting hypothalamic AMPK. Neuroscience. 267:102–113. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.033

Lobley, G., Connell, A., and Revell, D. 1996. The importance of transmethylation reactions to methionine metabolism in sheep: effects of supplementation with creatine and choline. Br J Nutr.75 (1):47-56. DOI:10.1079/bjn19960109

Lucock M., 2000. Folic acid: nutritional biochemistry, molecular biology, and role in disease processes. Mol. Genet. Metab. 71(1-2): 121-138. DOI: 10.1006/mgme.2000.3027

Matte, J.J., Guay, F., and Girard, C.L. 2011. Bioavailability of vitamin B12 in cows' milk. The British journal of nutrition 107(1):61-66. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114511002364

McCormick, D.B. and H. Chen. 1999. Update on interconversions of vitamin B6 with its coenzyme. J. Nutr. 129:325-327.

Mc Dowell, L. 2013. Vitamin History: the Early Years 1st Ed. University of Florida (US): Design Pub.

McDowell, L.R. 1989. Vitamins in Animal Nutrition. San Diego: Academic Pr, 1989:155–183.

McDowell, L.R. and Ward, N.E. 2008. Optimum vitamin nutrition for poultry. Inter. Poult. Prod. 16(4):27-34.

McGrath, B.A., Fox, P.F., McSweeney, P.L.H. and Kelly, A.L. 2016. Composition and properties of bovine colostrum: a review. Dairy Science and Technology. 96 (2):133-158. DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0258-x

McGuffey, R.K. 2017. A 100-Year Review: Metabolic modifiers in dairy cattle nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 100 (12):10113–10142. doi: 10.3168/jds.2017-12987.

Midla, L.T., Hoblet, K.H., Weiss, W.P. and Oeschberger, M.L. 1998. Supplemental diet. biotin for prevention of lesions associated with aseptic subclinical laminitis (Pododermatitis aseptica diffusa) in primiparous cows. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59 (6): 733-738.

Miller, B.L., Meiske, J.C. and Goodrich, R.D. 1986. Effects of grain source and concentrate level on B-vitamin production and absorption in steers. Journal of Animal Science 62 (2): 473-483. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.622473x

Morrison, E.I., Reinhardt, H., Leclerc, H., DeVries, T.J. and LeBlanc, S.J. 2018. Effect of rumen-protected B vitamins and choline supplementation on health, production, and reproduction in transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science.101(10): 9016-9027. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14663

Naga, M.A., Harmeyer, J.H., Holler, H. and Schaller, K. 1975. Suspected B-vitamin deficiency in sheep on protein-free urea-containing purified diet. Journal of Animal Science 40 (6): 1192-1198. DOI:10.2527/jas1975.4061192x

National Research Council (NRC) 2000. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC.

Neill, A.R., Grime, D.W., Snoswell, A.M., Northrop, A.J., Lindsay, D.B. and Dawson, R.M. C. 1979. The low availability of dietary choline for the nutrition of the sheep. Biochemical Journal. 180 (3): 559-565. doi: 10.1042/bj1800559

Neville, B.W., Schauer, C.S., Karges, K., Gibson, M.L., Thompson, M.M., Kirschten, L.A., Dyer, N.W., Berg, P.T. and Lardy, G.P. 2010. Effect of thiamine concentration on animal health, feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and ruminal hydrogen sulfide concentrations in lambs fed diets based on 60% distillers dried grains plus solubles, Journal of Animal Science. 88 (7): 2444–2455. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2607

Niehoff, I.D., Huther, L., Lebzien, P., and Flachowsky, G. 2013. The effect of a Niacin supplementation to different diets on ruminal fermentation and flow of nutrients to the duodenum of dairy cows. Applied Agricultural and Forestry Research. 63 (2):143-154.DOI: 10.3220/LBF-2013-143-154

Nocek, J.E. 1997. Bovine acidosis: Implications on laminitis. J Dairy Sci. 80 (5):1005–1028. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76026-0

NRC, 2001. Nutrient Requirements for Dairy Cattle, (Seventh Revised Edition)National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

NRC, 2000. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. 7th ed., Washington DC: National Academy of Science, National Research Council.

Oltjen, R.R., Sirny, R.J. and Tillman, A.D. 1962. Effects of B Vitamins and Mineral Mixtures upon Growth and Rumen Function of Ruminants Fed Purified Diets. The Journal of Nutrition. 77 (3):269–277. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/77.3.269

Pan, X., Nan, X., Yang, L., Jiang, L. and Xiong, B. 2018. Thiamine status, metabolism and application in dairy cows: a review. Br J Nutr. 120 (5): 491-499. doi: 10.1017/S0007114518001666.

Pan, X.H., Yang, L., Xue, F.G., Xin, H.R., Jiang, L.S., Xiong, B.H. and Beckers, Y. 2016. Relationship between thiamine and subacute ruminal acidosis induced by a high-grain diet in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 99 (11): 8790-8801. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2016-10865

Panda, S., Panda, N., Panigrahy, K.K., Gupta S.K., Mishra, S.P. and Laishram, M. 2017. Role of niacin supplementation in dairy cattle: A review. Asian J. Dairy & Food Res. 36(2) : 93-99. DOI: 10.18805/ajdfr.v36i02.7949

Pinotti, L., Baldi, A., Politis, I., Rebucci, R., Sangalli, L. and Dell’Orto, V. 2003. Rumen protected choline administration to transition cows: effects on milk production and vitamin E status. J. Vet. Med. Ser. A 50(1): 18-21. DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2003.00502.x

Pinotti, L., Baldi, A. and Dell’Orto, V. 2002. Comparative mammalian choline metabolism with emphasis on role in ruminants, especially the high yielding dairy cow. Nutrition Research Review. 15(2): 315-332. DOI:10.1079/NRR200247

Radostits, O., Gay, C. and Hinchcliff, K. 2007. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and horses. Veterinary Medicine 10th edition Bailliere, Tindall, London, UK.1576-80

Ragaller, V., Hüther, L. and Lebzien, P. 2008. Folic acid in ruminant nutrition: A reviewThe British journal of nutrition 101(2):153-164. DOI: 10.1017/S0007114508051556

Ragaller, V., Lebzien, P., Sudekum, K.H., Huther, L. and Flachowsky, G. 2011. Pantothenic acid in ruminant nutrition: a review. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 95 (1) 6–16. DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2010.01004.x

Ramadhan, A.F., Dartosukarno, S., and Purnomoadi, A. 2017. Pengaruh Pemberian Vitamin B Komplek Terhadap Pemulihan Fisiologi, Konsumsi Pakan, Dan Bobot Badan Kambing Kacang Muda Dan Dewasa Pasca Transportasi. Mediagro. 13 (1): 23-33.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/md.v13i1.2154

Rammell, C.G. and Hill, J.H. 1986. A review of thiamine deficiency and its diagnosis, especialy in ruminants. N. Z. Vet. J. 34(12): 202-204. DOI:10.1080/00480169.1986.35350

Randhawa, S.S., Ahuja, A.K., and Rathor, S.S. 1988. Effect of lactic acidosis on histamine and thiamine levels in buffalo calves. Indian J Anim Sci. 58:1019–1023.

Riddell, D.O., Bartley, E.E. and Dayton, A.D. 1981. Effect of nicotinic acid on microbial protein synthesis in vitro and on dairy cattle growth and milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 64(5): 782–791. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(81)82648-3

Rivlin, R.S. 2006. Riboflavin. In Bowman, B.A. and Russell, R.M. (Editors) “Present Knowledge in Nutrition”, ninth edition, International Life Sciences Institute, Washington, D.C. Pp. 250-259.

Robinson, P.H. 2019. Vitamin B requirements and duodenal deliveries in lactating dairy cows: Organization of a limited literature. Livestock Science. 226: 48-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.06.004

Rosendo, O., Staples, C.R., McDowell, L.R., McMahon, R., Badinga, L., Martin, F.G., Shearer, J.F., Seymour, W.M. and Wilkinson, N.S. 2004. Effects of biotin supplementation on peripartum performance and metabolites of Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 87(8):2535-2545. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(04)73378-0

Roth-Maier, D.A. and Kirchgessner, M. 1979. Pantothenic acid supply of market pigs and broilers by practical rations. Zeitschrift fu¨r Tierphysiologie, Tiererna¨hrung und Futtermittelkunde. 41(5): 275–279.

Roy, J.H.B. 1980. The Calf, 4th Ed. Butterworths, London.

Sacadura, F.C., Robinson, P.H., Evans, E. and Lordelo, M. 2008. Effects of a ruminally protected B-vitamins supplementation on milk yield and composition of lactating dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology 144 (1): 111-124. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.10.005

Safarkhanlou, M., Maheri-Sis, N., Ebrahimnezhad, Y. 2016. The Effects of Intramuscular Injections of Vitamin B12 on Production Performance of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation Fed Dietary Supplements of Rumen-Protected Methionine. J Biol Environ Sci. 10:11-19

Santschi, D. 2004. Rate of B-complex vitamins in the gastrointestınal tract of dairy cows. Doctorate Thesis. McGill University Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

Santschi, D.E., Berthiaume, R., Matte, J.J., Mustafa, A.F. and Girard, C.L. 2005. Fate of supplementary B-vitamins in the gastrointestinal tract of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 88 (6): 2043–2054. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(05)72881-2

Scheer, W.A., Lucy, M.C., Kerley, M.S. and Spain, J.N. 2002. Effects of feeding soybeans and rumen protected choline during late gestation and early lactation on performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 85 (Suppl. 1): 276.

Schwab, E.C., Schwab, C.G., Shaver, R.D., Girard, C.L., Putnam, D.E. and Whitehouse, N.L. 2006. Dietary forage and nonfiber carbohydrate contents influence B-vitamin intake, duodenal flow, and apparent ruminal synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science. 89(1): 174- 187. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72082-3

Schwab, E.C., Caraviello, D.Z. and Shaver, R.D. 2005. Review: A meta-analysis of lactation responses to supplemental dietary niacin in dairy cows. Professional Animal Scientist 21:239-247.

Scott, M.L., Nesheim, M.C. and Young, R.J. 1982. Nutrition of the chicken 4th edition. M.L. Scott & Associates, Ithaca, New York.

Shah, T.R., Prasad, K. and Kumar, P. 2016. Maize—A potential source of human nutrition and health: A review. Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2(1):1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1166995

Sharma, B.K. and Erdman, R.A. 1988. Effects of high amounts of dietary choline supplementation on duodenal choline flow and production responses of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 71(10): 2670–6. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(88)79860-4.

Shaver, R.D. and Bal, M.A. 2000. Effect of dietary thiamin supplementation on milk production by dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Sci. 83(10):2335- 2340. DOI:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75121-6

Sheppard, A.J. and Johnson, B.C. 1957. Pantothenic Acid Deficiency in the Growing CalfThe Journal of Nutrition. 61(2): 195–205, https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/61.2.195

Sinbad, O.O., Folorunsho, A.A., Olabisi, O.L., Ayoola, O.A. and Temitope, E.J. 2019. Vitamins as Antioxidants. J Food Sci Nutr Res. 2 (3): 214-235. DOI: 10.26502/jfsnr.2642-11000021

Souci, S., Fachmann, W. and Kraut, H. 2000. Food Composition and Nutrition Tables, 6th edn. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart, Germany.

Stemme, K., Lebzien, P., Flachowsky, G., and Scholz, H. 2008. The influence of an increased cobalt supply on ruminal parameters and microbial vitamin B12 synthesis in the rumen of dairy cows. Archives of Animal Nutrition. 62 (3): 207-218. DOI: 10.1080/17450390802027460

Tienken, R., Kersten, S., Huther, L., Frahm, J., Meyer, U. and Danicke, S. 2015. Relative Bioavailability of Niacin Supplements for Dairy Cows: Effects of Rumen Protection and Feed Processing.Vet. Sci. 2 (4): 440-455. doi: 10.3390/vetsci2040440

Underwood, E.J. and Suttle, N.F. 1999: The mineral nutrition of livestock. 3rd Edition. Wallingford, CABI Publishing

Uslu, U., Balevi, T., Uçan, U.S., Ceylan, O. And Uslu A. 2017. Effect of Parenteral Administration of Vitamin Bto Goats on Performance, Lice (Phthiraptera) Infestations and Cellular Immunity. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg, 2017 (in Press). DOI: 10.9775/kvfd.2017.17592

Vetreno, R.P., Ramos, R.L., Anzalone, S. and Savage, L.M. 2012. Brain and behavioral pathology in an animal model of Wernicke's encephalopathy and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome. Brain Res. 1436:178–192. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.11.038.

Volker, D., Huther, L., Daş, G. and Hansjorg Abel, H. 2011. Pantothenic acid supplementation to support rumen microbes?, Archives of Animal Nutrition, 65:2, 163-173, DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2011.552272

Watanabe, F. and Bito, T. 2017. Vitamin B12 sources and microbial interaction. Exp. Biol. Med. 243(2): 148-158. DOI: 10.1177/1535370217746612

Wolin, M.J. and Miller, T.L. 1988. Microbe–microbe interactions. In The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem, pp. 343–359 [PN Hobson, editor]. London and New York: Elsevier Applied Science.

Wrinkle, S.R., Robinsona, P.H. and Garrett, J.E. 2012. Niacin delivery to the intestinal absorptive site impacts heat stress and productivity responses of high producing dairy cows during hot conditions. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 175 (1–2): 33-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2012.04.005

Yoshii, K., Hosomi, K., Sawane, K. and Kunisawa, J. 2019. Metabolism of Dietary and Microbial Vitamin B Family in the Regulation of Host Immunity. Front. Nutr. 6 (48):1-43. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2019.00048

Zeisel, S.H. and Da Costa, K.A. 2009. Choline: An Essential Nutrient for Public Health. Nutrition Reviews. 67(11): 615–623. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00246.x.

Zeisel, S.H. and Holmes-McNary, M. 1991. Choline. In: Dekker M., editor. Handbook of Vitamins. Taylor & Francis; New York, NY, USA.513–528.

Zeisel, S.H., Da Costa, K.A., Franklin, P.D., Alexander, E.D., Lamont, J.T., Sheard, M.F. and Beiser, A. 2000. Choline: an essential nutrient for humans. The FASEB Journal. 5(7): 2093-2098. DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.5.7.2010061

Zimbelman, R.B., Collier, R.J. and Bilby, T.R. 2013. Effects of utilizing rumen protected niacin on core body temperature as well as milk production and composition in lactating dairy cows during heat stress. Animal Feed Science Technology. 180(1-4): 26-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.01.005

Zinn, R.A. 1992. B-vitamin in Beef cattle Nutirition. In Takeda Technical symposium. 53rd Minnesota Nutrition Conference. September 21. 1992.

Zom, R. L. G., van Baal, J., Goselink, R.M.A., Bakker, J.A., de Veth, M. J. and van Vuuren, A.M. 2011. Effect of rumen-protected choline on performance, blood metabolites, and hepatic triacylglycerols of periparturient dairy cattle.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ijvs.v4i1.93809