* Corresponding Author
Examining Climate Change, Tourism, and Sustainability in Small Islands, with Reference to the Balearic Islands, the Caribbean Islands, and the Pacific Islands
https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajts.v3i1.68446 Briggita Faraneva Rujita(1*)
(1) University of Glasgow
(*) Corresponding Author
Abstract
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Amelung, B. & Viner, D. (2006). Mediterranean tourism: Exploring the future with the tourism climatic index. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 14(4), pp. 349-366.
Altaba, C.R. & Ponsell L. (2000). Tourism and biodiversity: the Balearic experience. Calpe 2000: Linking the Fragments of Paradise, pp. 125-132.
Apostolopoulos, Y. & Gayle, D.J. (2002). From MIRAB to TOURAB? Searching for sustainable development in the Maritime Caribbean,
Pacific, and Mediterranean. In Gayle, D.J. & Apostolopoulos, Y. (Eds), Island Tourism and Sustainable Development: Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences, Praeger: Westport, CT, pp. 3–14.
Bafaluy, D., Amengual, A., Romero, R., & Homar, V. (2014). Present and future climate resources for various types of tourism in the Bay of Palma, Spain. Regional Environmental Change, 14(5), 1995-2006.
Balzan M.V., Potschin, M. & Haines-Young, R. (2016). Place-based Assessment of Small Islands’ Ecosystem Services, In Haines-Young, R., Potschin, M., Fish, R., & Turner, R.K. (Eds). Routledge Handbook of Ecosystem Services. London and New York: Routledge, pp 140-143.
Banks, S., Edgar, G., Glynn, P., Kuhn, A., Moreno, J., Ruiz, D., Schuhbauer, A., Tiernan J.P., Tirado, N., and Vera, M. (2011). A Review of Galápagos Marine Habitats and Ecological Processes under Climate Change Scenarios. In Oña, I.L. & Di Carlo, G. (Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Galápagos Islands, USA: WWF and Conservation International, pp. 47-68.
Bataille, A., Cunningham, A.A., Cedeño, V., Patiño, L., Constantinou, A., Kramer, L.D., & Goodman, S.J. (2009). Natural colonization and adaptation of a mosquito species in Galápagos and its implications for disease threats to endemic wildlife. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, pp. 10230-10235.
Becken, S. & Hay, J.E. (2007). Tourism and Climate Change: Risks and Opportunities. Clevendon: Channel View Publication.
Benedicto, J. (2014). Identity and decision-making for sustainability in the context of small islands. Journal of Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 14(2), pp. 199-213.
Briguglio, L. & Briguglio, M. (2002). Sustainable tourism in small islands: The case of Malta. In Di Castri, F. & Balaji, V. (Eds.), Tourism, Biodiversity and Information, Leiden: Blackhuys Publishers, pp. 169-184.
Brohman, J. (1996). New directions in tourism for the Third World. Annals of Tourism Research, 23(1), pp. 48–70.
Candela, L., von Igel, W., Elorza, F.J., & Aronica, G. (2009). Impact assessment of combined climate and management scenarios on groundwater resources and associated wetland (Majorca, Spain). Journal of Hydrology, 376(3-4), pp. 510-527.
Cardona, O.D., van Aalst, M.K., Birkmann, J., Fordham, M., McGregor, G., Perez, R., Pulwarty, R.S., Schipper, E.L.F., and Sinh, B.T. (2012). Determinants of risk: Exposure and vulnerability. In Field, C.B., Barros, V., Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Dokken, D.J., Ebi, K.L., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Plattner, G.K., Allen, S.K., Tignor,
M., & Midgley, P.M. (Eds.), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 65-108.
Carlsen, J. & Butler, R. (2011). Introducing sustainable perspectives of island tourism. In Carlsen, J. & Butler, R. (Eds), Island Tourism: Sustainable Perspectives, Oxfordshire: CABI International, pp. 1-7.
Coccossis, H. (2001). Sustainable development and tourism in small islands: Some lessons from Greece. Anatolia, 12(1), 53-58.
Coelho, V.R. & Manfrino, C. (2007). Coral community decline at a remote Caribbean island: Marine no take reserves are not enough. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 17(7), 666-685.
Craig, R., Selzer, T., & Seymour, J. (2006). There is disaster
planning and there is reality—the Cayman Islands National Archive (CINA) experience with Hurricane Ivan. Journal of the Society of Archivists, 27(2), 187-199.
Csete, M., Palvolgyi, T., & Szendro G. (2013). Assessment of climate change vulnerability of tourism in Hungary. Regional Environmental Change, 13(5), 1043-1057.
De Albuquerque, K. & McElroy, J.L. (1992). Caribbean small-island tourism styles and sustainable strategies. Environmental Management, 16(5), 619-632.
De Albuquerque, K. & McElroy, J.L. (1995). Tourism development in small islands: St. Maarten/St. Martin and Bermuda. In Barker, D. & McGregor, D.F.M. (Eds.), Environment and Development in the Caribbean: Geographical Perspectives, Kingston, Jamaica:
University Press of the West Indies, pp. 70–89.
Deem, S., Cruz, M., Jiménez-Uzcátegui, G., Fessl, B., Miller, R.E., & Parker, P.G. (2008). Pathogens and parasites: An increasing threat to the conservation of Galápagos avifauna. In CDF, GNP, and INGALA (Eds). Galápagos Report 2007-2008. Puerto Ayora, Galápagos, Ecuador: Charles Darwin Foundation, Galápagos National Park, Instituto Nacional Galápagos. p. 125-130.
Di Carlo, G., d’Ozouville, N., Henderson, S., de Koning, F., Larrea, I., Ortiz, F., Pidgeon, E., Spurrier, L., and Suárez, L. (2011). Introduction. In Oña, I.L. & Di Carlo, G. (Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Galápagos Islands, USA: WWF and Conservation International, pp. 11-16.
Dolan, A.H. and Walker, I.J. (2006). Understanding vulnerability of coastal communities to climate change related risks. Journal of Coastal Research, 1316-1323.
Eakin, C.M., Morgan, J.A., Heron, S.F., Smith, T.B., Liu, G., Alvarez-Filip, L., Bart, B., Bartels, E., Bastidas, C., Bouchon, C., Brandt, M, Bruckner, A.W., Bunkley-Williams, L., Cameron, A., Causey, B.D., Chiappone, M., Christensen, T.R.L., Crabbe, M.J.C, Day, O. de la Guardia, E., Díaz-Pulido, G., DiResta, D., Gil-Agudelo, D.L., Gilliam, D.S., Ginsburg, R.N., Gore, S., Guzmán, H.M., Hendee, J.C., Hernández-Delgado, E.A., Husain, E., Jeffrey, C.F.G., Jones, R.J., Jordán-Dahlgren, E., Kaufman, L.S., Kline, D.I., Kramer, P.A., Lang, J.C., Lirman, D., Mallela, J., Manfrino, C., Maréchal, J.P., Marks, K., Mihaly, J., Miller, W.J., Mueller, E.M., Muller, E.M., Toro, C.A.O., Oxenford, H.A., Ponce-Taylor, D., Quinn, N., Ritchie, K.B., Rodríguez, S., Ramírez, A.R., Romano, S., Samhouri, J.F., Sánchez, J.A., Schmahl, G.P., Shank, B.V., Skirving, W.J., Steiner, S.C.C., Villamizar, E., Walsh, S.M., Walter, C., Weil, E., Williams, E.H., Roberson, K.W., Yusuf, Y. (2010). Caribbean corals in crisis:
record thermal stress, bleaching, and mortality in 2005. PloS one, 5(11), e13969.
Estrela, T., Pérez-Martin, M.A., & Vargas, E. (2012). Impacts of climate change on water resources in Spain. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57(6), 1154-1167.
Faccioli, M., Font, A.R., & Figuerola, C.M.T. (2015). Valuing the recreational benefits of wetland adaptation to climate change: a trade-off between species’ abundance and diversity. Environmental
Management, 55(3), 550-563.
Gagain, M. (2012). Climate change, sea level rise, and artificial islands: Saving the Maldives’ statehood and maritime claims through the constitution of the oceans. Colo. J. Int’l Envtl. L. & Pol’y, 23, 77-120.
Gall, M., Borden, K.A., Emrich, C.T., & Cutter, S.L. (2011). The unsustainable trend of natural hazard losses in the United States. Sustainability, 3(11), 2157-2181.
Hall, C.M. (2012). Island, islandness, vulnerability and resilience. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 177-181.
Harrison, D. (2001). Tourism in small islands and microstates. Tourism Recreation Research, 26(3), 3-8.
Harrison, D. (2003). Themes in Pacific Island tourism. In Harrison, D. (Ed.), Pacific Island Tourism, New York: Cognizant Communication Corporation, pp. 1–23.
Hay, S.I., Cox, J., Rogers, D.J., Randolph, S.E., Stern, D.I., Shanks, G.D., Myers, M.F. & Snow, R.W. (2002). Climate change and the resurgence of malaria in the East African highlands. Nature, 415(6874), 905.
Hein, L., Metzger, M.J., & Moreno, A. (2009). Potential impacts of climate change on tourism: A case study for Spain. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1(2), 170-178.
Hernandez-Delgado, E.A. (2015). The emerging threats of climate change on tropical coastal ecosystem services, public health, local economies and livelihood sustainability of small islands: Cumulative impacts and synergies. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 5-28.
Hess, A.L. (1990). Overview: Sustainable development and environmental management of small islands. In Beller, W., d’Ayala, P., & Hein, P.L. (Eds.), Sustainable Development and Environmental Management of Small Islands, Paris: UNESCO (Man and the Biosphere Series, 5), pp. 3-14.
Hills, T.L. & Lundgren, J. (1977). The impact of tourism in the Caribbean: A methodological study. Annals of Tourism Research, 4(5), 248-267.
Hirano, S. (2008). The development of national sustainable development strategies in small island developing states. In Strachan, J.R. & Vigilance, C. (Eds.), Sustainable Development
in Small Island Developing States, London: Commonwealth Secretariat, pp. 4-9.
Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Cai, R., Poloczanska, E.S., Brewer, P.G., Sundby, S., Hilmi, K., Fabry, V.J., and Jung, S. (2014). The Ocean. In Barros, V.R., Field, C.B., Dokken, D.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P.R., & White, L.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability, Part B: Regional Aspects.Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1655-1731.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2007). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2012). Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ioannides, D., Apostolopoulos, Y., & Sonmers, S. (Eds). (2001). Mediterranean Islands and Sustainable Tourism Development: Practices Management and Policies. London: Continuum.
Jaksic F.M. (2001). Ecological effects of El Niño in terrestrial ecosystems of Western South America. Ecography, 24, 241-250.
Jiang, M., DeLacy, T., Klint, L. M., & Wong, E. (2012). Tourism adaptation to climate change in the South Pacific. In Reddy, M.V. & Wilkes, K. (Eds.), Tourism, Climate Change and Sustainability, New York: Routledge, pp. 189-208.
Karmalkar, A.V., Taylor, M.A., Campbell, J., Stephenson, T., New, M., Centella, A., Benzanilla, A., & Charlery, J. (2013). A review of observed and projected changes in climate for the islands in the
Caribbean. Atmósfera, 26(2), 283-309.
Kent, M., Newnham, R., & Essex, S. (2002). Tourism and sustainable water supply in Mallorca: a geographical analysis. Applied Geography, 22(4), 351-374.
Levin, I.I., Outlaw, D.C., Vargas, F.H., & Parker, P.G. (2009). Plasmodium blood parasite found in endangered Galapagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus). Biological Conservation, 142(12), 3191-3195.
Lew, A. (2010). Time as a major barrier to sustainable
development. Tourism Geographies, 12(3), 481–483
Loope, L.L., &Giambelluca, T.W. (1998). Vulnerability of island tropical montane cloud forest to climate change, with special reference to East Maui, Hawaii. Climatic Change, 39, 503-517.
Loukissas, P.J. (1982). Tourism’s regional development impacts: A comparative analysis of the Greek Islands. Annals of Tourism Research, 9, 523-541.
Macleod, D.V.L. (2004). Tourism, Globalisation and Cultural Change: An Island Community Perspective. Clevedon: Channel View Publications.
Manfrino, C., Jacoby, C.A., Camp, E., & Frazer, T.K. (2013). A positive trajectory for corals at Little Cayman Island. PLoS One, 8(10), e75432.
McCubbin, S., Smit, B., & Pearce, T. (2015). Where does climate fit? Vulnerability to climate change in the context of multiple stressors in Funafuti, Tuvalu. Global Environmental Change, 30, 43-55.
McElroy, J.L. (2003). Tourism development in small islands across the world. Geografika Annaler, 85B(4), 231-242.
McElroy J.L. & de Albuquerque K. (2002). Problems for managing sustainable tourism in small islands. In Gayle, D.J. & Apostolopoulos, Y. (Eds), Island Tourism and Sustainable Development:Caribbean, Pacific, and Mediterranean Experiences, Praeger: Westport, CT, pp. 15–34.
Mimura, N. (1999). Vulnerability of island countries in the South Pacific to sea level rise and climate change. Climate Research 12, 137-143.
Moià-Pol, A., Canals, V., and Martínez-Moll, V. (2017). Strategies for electricity with zero carbon emissions at 2050 using the water management at Mallorca-Menorca electric system. Conference
Paper, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Malaga.
Mooney, H., Larigauderie, A., Cesario, M., Elmquist, T., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Lavorel, S., Mace, G.M., Palmer, M., Scholes, R., & Yahara, T. (2009). Biodiversity, climate change, and ecosystem
services. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1(1), 46-54.
Moore, W.R. (2010). The impact of climate change on Caribbean tourism demand. Current Issues in Tourism, 13(5), 495-505.
Moreno, J. M., Aguiló, E., Alonso, S., Cobelas, M. Á., & Anadón, R., Ballester, F., Benito, G., Catalán, J., de Castro, M., Cendrero, A., Corominas, J., Díaz, J., Díaz-Fierros, F., Duarte, C. M., Esteban Talaya, A., Estrada Peña, A., Estrela, T., Fariña, A. C., Fernández González, F., Galante, E., Gallart, F., García de Jalón, L. D., Gil, L.,
Gracia, C., Iglesias, A., Lapieza, R., Loidi, J., López Palomeque, F., López-Vélez, R., López Zafra, J. M., de Luis Calabuig, E., Martín-Vide, J., Meneu, V., Mínguez Tudela, M. I., Montero, G., Moreno, J., Moreno Saiz, J. C., Nájera, A., Peñuelas, J., Piserra, M. T., Ramos, M. A., de la Rosa, D., Ruiz Mantecón, A., Sánchez-Arcilla, A., Sánchez de Tembleque, L. J., Valladares, F., Vallejo, & V. R., Zazo, C. (2005). A Preliminary General Assessment of the Impacts in Spain Due to the Effects of Climate Change A Preliminary Assessment of the Impacts in Spain due to the Effects of Climate Change. Final Project. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Mowforth, M., & Munt, I. (2003). Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge.
Mycoo, M. (2014). Sustainable tourism, climate change and sea level rise adaptation policies in Barbados. Natural Resources Forum, 38(1), 47-57.
Newman, M., Compo, G.P., & Alexander, M. A. (2003). ENSO-forced variability of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Journal of Climate, 16(23), 3853-3857.
Novelo-Casanova, D.A., & Suárez, G. (2010). Natural and man-made hazards in the Cayman Islands. Natural Hazards, 55(2), 441-466.
Nurse, L.A., McLean, R.F., Agard, J., Briguglio, L.P., Duvat-Magnan, V., Pelesikoti, N., Tompkins, E., & Webb, A. (2014). Small islands. In Barros, V.R., Field, C.B., Dokken, D.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Mach, K.J., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L.,Estrada, Y.O., Genova, R.C., Girma, B., Kissel, E.S., Levy, A.N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea,
P.R., & White, L.L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part B: Regional Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1613-1654.
Palacios, D.M., Salazar, S.K., & Vargas, F.H. (2011). Galapagos marine vertebrates: responses to environmental variability and potential impacts of climate change. In Oña, I.L. & Di Carlo, G.
(Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Galápagos Islands, USA: WWF and Conservation International, pp. 69-80.
Pazmiño, A., Serrao-Neumann, S., & Low Choy, D. (2018). Towards comprehensive policy integration for the sustainability of small islands: A landscape-scale planning approach for the Galápagos Islands. Sustainability, 10(4), 1228.
Pearce, D. (1987). Tourism Today: A Geographical Analysis. London: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Perch-Nielsen, S. L., Amelung, B., & Knutti, R. (2010). Future climate resources for tourism in Europe based on the daily Tourism Climatic Index. Climatic change, 103(3-4), 363-381.
Petzold, J. (2017). Social Capital, Resilience and Adaptation on Small Islands: Climate Change on the Isles of Scilly. Switzerland: Springer.
Petzold, J., & Ratter, B. M. (2015). Climate change adaptation under a social capital approach–An analytical framework for small islands. Ocean & Coastal Management, 112, 36-43.
Podestá, G.P. & Glynn, P.W. (2001). The 1997–98 El Nino event in Panama and Galapagos: An update of thermal stress indices relative to coral bleaching. Bulletin of Marine Science, 69(1),
-59.
Pulwarty, R.S., Nurse, L.A., & Trotz, U.O. (2010). Caribbean islands in a changing climate. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 52, 16-27.
Quiroga, D., Mena, C., Karrer, L., Suzuki, H., Guevara, A., & Murillo, J. C. (2011). Dealing with climate change in the Galapagos: adaptability of the tourism and fishing sectors. In Oña, I.L. & Di
Carlo, G. (Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Galápagos Islands, USA:
WWF and Conservation International, pp. 81-108.
Ratter, B.M.W. (2018). Geography of Small Islands: Outposts of Globalisation. Hamburg: Springer International Publishing.
Rawlins, S.C., Hinds, A., & Rawlins, J.M. (2008). Malaria and its vectors in the Caribbean: the continuing challenge of the disease forty-five years after eradication from the islands. West Indian Medical Journal, 57(5), 462-469.
Rosa R., Dierssen, H.M., Gonzalez, L. & Seibel, B.A. (2008). Large-scale diversity patterns of cephalopods in the Atlantic open ocean and deep sea. Ecology, 89, 3449–3461.
Royle, S.A. (2007). Definitions & typologies. In G.Baldacchino(Ed.), A World of Islands: An Island Studies Reader. Charlottetown: Institute of Island Studies, University of Prince Edward Island, pp.
-56
Sachs, J.P. & Ladd, S.N. (2011). Climate and oceanography of the Galapagos in the 21st century: Expected changes and research needs. In Oña, I.L. & Di Carlo, G. (Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment of the Galápagos Islands, USA: WWF and Conservation International, pp. 17-28.
Salazar, S., & Denkinger, J. (2010). Possible effects of climate change on the populations of Galapagos pinnipeds. Galapagos Research, 67, 45-49.
Scheyvens, R. & Momsen, J.H. (2008). Tourism and poverty reduction: Issues for Small Island States. Tourism Geographies, 10(1), 22-41.
Scott, D. (2011). Why sustainable tourism must address climate change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 19(1), 17-34.
Scott, D., Simpson, M.C., & Sim, R. (2012). The vulnerability of Caribbean coastal tourism to scenarios of climate change related sea level rise. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 20, 883-898.
Sear, C., Hulme, M., Adger, N., & Brown, K. (2001). The impacts of global climate change on the UK overseas territories. Technical Report. London: National Resource Institute, The Tyndall Centre.
Shah, K.U., Dulal, H.B., Johnson, C., & Baptiste, A. (2013). Understanding livelihood vulnerability to climate change: Applying the livelihood vulnerability index in Trinidad and Tobago.
Geoforum, 47, 125-137.
Sharpley, R. (2012). Island tourism or tourism on islands?. Tourism Recreation Research, 37(2), 167-172.
Sinclair, M.T., Blake, A., & Gooroochurn, N. (2005). Modelling tourism impacts on small island economies: evidence from Cyprus, Malta and Mauritius. In International Research Foundation
for Development, World Forum on Small Island Developing States, pp. 10-14.
Snell, H. & Rea, S. (1999). The 1997-1998 El Niño in Galápagos: Can 34 years of data estimate 120 years of pattern?. Noticias de Galápagos, 60, 11-20.
Taramelli, A., Valentini, E., & Sterlacchini, S. (2015). A GIS-based approach for hurricane hazard and vulnerability assessment in the Cayman Islands. Ocean & Coastal Management, 108, pp. 116-130.
Telfer, D.J. (2003) Development issues in destination communities. In Singh, S., Timothy, D.J., & Dowling, R.K. (Eds), Tourism in Destination Communities, New York: CABI Publishing, pp.155–180.
Tompkins, E.L. & Hurlston, L.A. (2003). Report to the Cayman Islands’ Government: adaptation lessons learned from responding to tropical cyclones by the Cayman Islands’ Government, 1988-2002.
Norwich: Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.
Tompkins, E.L., Lemos, M.C., & Boyd, E. (2008). A less disastrous disaster: Managing response to climate-driven hazards in the Cayman Islands and NE Brazil. Global Environmental Change, 18(4), 736-745.
Trueman, M., Hannah, L., & d’Ozouville, N. (2010). Terrestrial ecosystems in Galápagos: potential responses to climate change. In Oña, I.L. & Di Carlo, G. (Eds.), Climate Change Vulnerability
Assessment of the Galápagos Islands, USA: WWF and Conservation International, pp 29-46.
Tsartas, P. (1992). Socioeconomic impacts of tourism on two Greek Isles. Annals of Tourism Research, 19, 516-533.
UN-OHRLLS. (2016). About the small island developing states. http://unohrlls.org/about-sids/United Nations. (2010). The Secretary-General’s Advisory group on Energy and Climate Change
(AGECC), Energy for a Sustainable Future, Report and Recommendations, New York.
United Nations Environment Programme. (2014). Emerging issues for Small Island Developing States. Results of the UNEP Foresight Process.
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya.
Valle, C.A., Cruz, F., Cruz, J.B., Merlen, G., & Coulter, M.C. (1987). The impact of the 1982-1983 El Niño-Southern Oscillation on seabirds in the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador. Journal of Geophysical Research - C: Oceans, 92, 14437-14444.
Van Hooidonk, R.J., Manzello, D.P., Moye, J., Brandt, M.E., Hendee, J.C., McCoy, C., & Manfrino, C. (2012). Coral bleaching at Little Cayman, Cayman Islands 2009. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 106, 80-84.
Vargas, F.H., Harrison, S., Rea, S., & Macdonald, D.W. (2006). Biological effects of El Niño on the
Galapagos penguin. Biological Conservation, 127, 107–114.
Weaver, D.B. (2001). Mass tourism and alternative tourism in the Caribbean. In Harrison, D. (Ed.), Tourism and the Less Developed World: Issues and Case Studies, Wallingford: CABI Publishing,
pp. 161-174.
Weaver, D.B. (2017). Core–periphery relationships and the sustainability paradox of small island tourism. Tourism Recreation Research, 42(1), 11-21.
Wong, P.P. (1993). Island tourism development in Peninsular Malaysia: Environmental perspective.In Wong, P.P. (Ed.), Tourism vs Environment: The Case for Coastal Areas, Dordrecht: Springer
Science + Business Media, pp. 83-97.
World Tourism Organization. (2003). Climate change and tourism. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism, Djerba, Tunisia, 9-11 April.
World Travel & Tourism Council. (2001). Year 2001: Tourism Satellite Accounting Research. London: World Travel & Tourism Council
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/gamajts.v3i1.68446
Article Metrics
Abstract views : 1300
| 
views : 1219
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2021 Gadjah Mada Journal of Tourism Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
View My Stats
Print ISSN: 2621-9522 | Online ISSN: 2621-9948
Copyright © 2024 Gadjah Mada Journal of Tourism Studies, Office of Journal & Publishing, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Universitas Gadjah Mada