Chemical and Electrochemical Properties of Bamboo Activated Carbon Activate Using Potassium Hydroxide Assisted by Microwave-Ultrasonic Irradiation

https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.64617

Norakmalah Mohd Zawawi(1), Fazlena Hamzah(2*), Harumi Veny(3), Miradatul Najwa Mohd Rodhi(4), Mahanim Sarif(5)

(1) Biocatalysis and Biobased Material Technology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
(2) Biocatalysis and Biobased Material Technology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
(3) Biocatalysis and Biobased Material Technology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
(4) Biocatalysis and Biobased Material Technology Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Selangor, Malaysia
(5) Forest Product Division, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
(*) Corresponding Author

Abstract


This paper presents the utilization of bamboo residue from the chopstick industry as modified carbon (AC) for supercapacitor application.  Bamboo activated carbon (BAC) was activated using Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and assisted with microwave ultrasonic (Mw-U) irradiation to enhance the properties of bamboo activated carbon (BAC). Different microwave (Mw) power intensities of 100 W, 300 W, and 500 W at 30 minutes of retention time have been applied on activation and the carbonization process was conducted at temperature 800°C. The BAC was analyzed for the morphology using a scanning electron microscope and proximate and ultimate analysis. Then BAC with the higher surface area was subjected to the electrochemical analysis to determine the electrochemical properties. The study indicated Mw-U irradiation improved the morphology of the BAC, eliminated the impurity of the sample, and gave higher carbon content of BAC. The findings show that lower Mw-U irradiation power provided a higher surface area of BAC. The surface area of 646.87 m2/g and total pore volume of 2.8x10-1 cm3/g was obtained with a power intensity of Mw-U activation at 100 W. While, electrochemical properties, the specific capacitance (Cs) of BAC was 77 Fg-1 at 25 mVs-1 in 1 mol/L KOH of electrolyte for cyclic voltammetry (CV) which indicates the ability of the prepared BAC to be used as an electrode in supercapacitor application. This study determined that Mw-U irradiation can improve the properties of the bamboo during chemical activation and formed BAC that consists of supercapacitor properties.


Keywords


Activated carbon; Bamboo; Electrochemical; Microwave; Ultrasonic

Full Text:

PDF


References

  1. Ahmad, A. A. and Hameed, B. H. (2010). "Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater," Journal of Hazardous Materials, 173 (1-3), 487 – 93.
  2. Anisuzzaman, S. M., Joseph, C. G., Krishnaiah, D., Bono, A., Sualia, E., Abang, S., Fai, L. M. (2016). "Removal of chlorinated phenol from aqueous media by guava seed (Psidium guajava) tailored activated carbon," Water Resources and Industry, 16, 26-39.
  3. Barzegar, F., Momodu, D. Y., Fashedemi, O. O., Bello, A., Dangbegnona, J. K. and Manyala, N. (2015). "Investigation of different aqueous electrolytes on the electrochemical performance of activated carbon-based supercapacitors," Royal Society Chemistry Advance, 5, 107482 – 107487.
  4. Çeçen, F. (2014). "Activated Carbon". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 1–34.
  5. Cukierman, A. L. (2013). "Development and environmental applications of activated carbon cloths" International Scholarly Research Network Chemical Engineering, 31-62.
  6. Feng, H., Hu, H., Dong, H., Xiao, Y., Cai, Y. and Zheng, M. (2016). "Hierarchical structured carbon derived from bagasse wastes: A simple and efficient synthesis route and its improved electrochemical properties for high-performance supercapacitors," Journal of Power Sources, 302,164-173.
  7. Fu, Y., Ding, X., Zhao, J. and Zheng, Z. (2020). "Study on the effect of oxidation-ultrasound treatment on the electrochemical properties of activated carbon materials," Ultrasonics Sonochemistry," 104921.
  8. Gogotsi, Y., Guldi, D., McCreery, R., Hu, C. C., Merlet, C., Béguin, F., Hardwick, L., Frackowiak, E., Macpherson, J., Forse, A., Chen, G. Z., Holt, K., Dryfe, R., Kurig, H., Sharma, S., Unwin, P. R., Rabbow, T., Yu, W., Qiu, F., Juarez, F., Sole, C., Dyatkin, B., Stevenson, K., Cao, Y., Cousens, N. and Noofeli, A. (2014). "Carbon electrodes for energy storage: general discussion," Faraday Discussions, 172, 239 – 260.
  9. Hao, X., Wang, J., Ding, B., Wang, Y., Chang, Z., Dou, H. and Zhang, X. (2017). "Bacterial cellulose derived interconnected meso-microporous carbon nanofiber networks as binder free electrodes for high performance supercapacitors," Journal of Power Sources, 352, 34 – 41.
  10. Horikawa, T., Kitakaze, Y., Sekida, T., Hayashi, J. and Katoh, M. (2010). "Characteristics and humidity control capacity of activated carbon from bamboo," Bioresource Technology, 101, 3964 – 3969.
  11. Iqbaldin, M. N., Khudzir, M. I., Azlan, M., Zaidi, A., Surani, B. and Zubri, Z., (2013). "Properties of coconut shell activated carbon," Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 25 (4), 497 – 503.
  12. Itodo, A. U., Rahman, F. W., Hassan, L. G. and Happiness, U. I. (2012). "Sorption energy for atrazine onto devolatilized Vitellaria paradoxa," Iranian Journal of Chemical and Chemical Engineering, 31, 43-52.
  13. Jain, A., Xu, C., Jayaraman, S., Balasubramanian, R., Lee, L. and Srinivasan, M. (2015). "Mesoporous activated carbons with enhanced porosity by optimal hydrothermal pretreatment of biomass for supercapacitor applications," Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 218, 55-61.
  14. Jayaraman, K. and Gokalp, I. (2015). "Pyrolysis, combustion and gasification characteristics of miscanthus and sewage sludge," Energy Conversion and Management, 89, 83 – 91.
  15. Jiang, Z., Liu, Z., Fei, B., Chai, Y., Yu, Y. and Liu, X. (2012). "The pyrolysis characteristics of moso bamboo," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 94, 48-52.
  16. Jiuli, C., Gao, Z., Liu, X., Wu, D., Xu, F. and Jiang, K. (2016). "Hierarchically porous carbons with graphene incorporation for efficient supercapacitors," Electrochimica Acta, 213, 382 – 392.
  17. Kalyani, P. and Anitha, A. (2013). "Biomass carbon and its prospects in electrochemical energy systems," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 38 (10), 4034 – 4045.
  18. Mahanim, S., Asma, I., Rafidah, J., Puad, E., Shaharuddin, H. (2011). "Production of activated carbon from industrial bamboo waste," Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 23 (4), 417 – 24.
  19. Manyala, N., Bello, A., Barzegar, F., Khaleed, A., Momodu, D. Y. and Dangbegnon, J. K. (2016). "Coniferous pine biomass: A novel insight into sustainable carbon materials for supercapacitors electrode," Materials Chemistry and Physics, 182, 139-147.
  20. Mo, R. J., Zhao, Y., Wu, M., Xiao, H. M., Kuga, S., Huang, Y., Li, J. P. and Fu, S. Y. (2016). "Activated carbon from nitrogen rich watermelon rind for high performance supercapacitors," Royal Society Chemistry Advance, 6, 59333 – 42.
  21. Peng, C., Yan, X., Wang, R., Lang, J., Ou, Y. and Xue, Q. (2013). "Promising activated carbons derived from waste tea leaves and their application in high performance supercapacitors electrodes," Electrochimica Acta, 87, 401 – 8.
  22. Peng, X. M., Hu, F. P., Zhang, T., Qiu, F. X., Dai, H. L. (2018). "Amine-functionalized magnetic bamboo-based activated carbon adsorptive removal of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin: A batch and fixed-bed column study," Bioresource Technology, 249, 924 – 934.
  23. Prasetyo, I., Mukti, N. I. F., Fahrurrozi, M., Ariyanto, T. (2018). "Removing Ethylene by Adsorption using Cobalt Oxide-Loaded Nanoporous Carbon," AJChe, 18, 9-16.
  24. Rodríguez, A. J. M. and Mazzoco, R. R. (2010). "Adsorption studies of methylene blue and phenol onto black stone cherries prepared by chemical activation," Journal of Hazardous Materials, 180, 656 – 61.
  25. Ruan, C. P., Ai, K. L. and Lu, L. H. (2014). "Biomass derived carbon materials for high performance supercapacitor electrodes," Royal Society Chemistry Advance, 4, 30887 – 95.
  26. Rui, W., Amano, Y. and Machida, M. (2013). "Surface properties and water vapor adsorption desorption characteristics of bamboo based activated carbon," Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 104, 667 – 74.
  27. Sajab, M. S., Chia, C. H., Zakaria, S., Jani, S. M., Ayob, M. K., Chee, K. L., Khiew, P. S. and Chiu, W. S. (2011). "Citric acid modified kenaf core fibers for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution," Bioresource Technology, 102, 7237 – 43.
  28. Salanne, M., Rotenberg, B., Naoi, K. (2016). "Efficient storage mechanisms for building better supercapacitors," Nature Energy, 1, 16070.
  29. Sillars, F. B., Fletcher, S. I., Mirzaeiana, M. and Hall, P. J. (2011). "Effect of activated carbon xerogel pore size on the capacitance performance of ionic liquid electrolytes," Energy Environment Science, 4, 695-706.
  30. Sumanatrakul, P., Kongsune, P., Chotitham, L. and Sukto, U. (2015). " Utilization of Dendrocalamus asper backer bamboo charcoal and pyroligneous acid," Energy Procedia, 79, 691 – 6.
  31. Taer, E., Deraman, M., Talib, A., Awitdrus, A., Hashmi, S. A. and Umar, A. A. (2011). "Preparation of a highly porous binder less activated carbon monolith from rubber wood sawdust by a multistep activation process for application in supercapacitors," International Journal Electrochemical Science, 6, 3301-15.
  32. Wang, C. H., Du, H. Y., Hsu, H. C., Chang, S. T., Huang, H. C. and Chen, L. C. (2012). "High stability of oxidation of methanol catalyzed by Pt supported by oxygen incorporated bamboo shaped CNTs grown directly on carbon cloth," International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 37 (14),10663 – 70.
  33. Wang, K., Zhao, N., Lei, S., Yan, R., Tian, X., Wang, J., Song, Y., Xu, D., Guo, Q. and Liu, L. (2015). "Promising biomass based activated carbons derived from willow catkins for high performance supercapacitors," Electrochimica Acta, 166, 1 – 11.
  34. Wang, Y., Liu, M., Yang, L., Wu, Z. and Zhao, J. (2012). "Adsorption of Pb (II) in aqueous solutions by bamboo charcoal modified with KMnO4 via microwave irradiation," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 414, 1-8.
  35. Yang, C. S., Jang, Y. S., Jeong, H. K. (2014). "Bamboo-based activated carbon for supercapacitor applications," Current Applied Physics, 14, 1616-1620.
  36. Zhang, G. X., Chen, Y. M., Chen, Y. G. and Guo, H, (2018). "Activated biomass carbon made from bamboo as electrode material for supercapacitors," Materials Research Bulletin, 102, 391-398.
  37. Zhang, M. Y., Xiao, J. and Qiang, Z. (2014). Preparation of N-doped activated carbons for electric double layer capacitors from waste fiber board by K2CO3 activation," New Carbon Materials, 29 (2), 90 – 95.
  38. Zhang, Y., Cui, X., Zu, L., Xiaomin, C., Liu, Y., Wang, X. and Lian, H. (2016). "New supercapacitors based on the synergetic redox effect between electrode and electrolyte," Materials, 9, 734 – 47.



DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.64617

Article Metrics

Abstract views : 3046 | views : 1458

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering  (print ISSN 1655-4418; online ISSN 2655-5409) is published by Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada.